001), higher prevalence of nonobstructive coronary stenosis (34%

001), higher prevalence of nonobstructive coronary stenosis (34% vs 14%; P<.008), higher homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (3.8 mu U/mL +/- 3.6 vs 2.6 mu U/mL +/- 3.2; P < .005) and higher triglyceride levels (208 mg/dL 6 87 vs 148 mg/dL 6 70; P < .005).

Fatty liver proved to be a strong predictor of coronary atherosclerosis (odds ratio [OR], 2; P < .04), GS-7977 mw independent of indicators for metabolic syndrome (OR, 1.2; P > .2) and C-reactive protein levels (OR, 0.7; P > .4).

Conclusion: Patients with NAFLD, even without metabolic syndrome, are at high risk for atherosclerosis. Assessment of NAFLD may be helpful for cardiovascular risk stratification.”
“Camelina sativa is a re-emerging low-input oilseed crop that may provide economical vegetable oils for industrial applications. It is desirable to increase the monounsaturated oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid, 18:1), and to decrease polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), linoleic (cis, cis-9,12-octadecadienoic acid, 18:2) and alpha-linolenic (all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, 18:3) acids, in camelina oils to improve oxidative stability. 18:1 desaturation is mainly controlled by the microsomal oleate desaturase (FAD2; EC 1.3.1.35) encoded by the FAD2 gene. Three

FAD2 genes, designated CsFAD2-1 to 3, were identified in camelina. Functional expression of these genes in yeast confirmed that they all encode microsomal oleate desaturases. Although the three CsFAD2 genes share very high sequence similarity, they

showed this website different expression patterns. Expression of CsFAD2-1 was detected in all tissues examined, including developing seed, flower, as well as in vegetable tissues such as leaf, root, and stem. Transcripts of CsFAD2-2 and CsFAD2-3 were mainly detected in developing seeds, suggesting their major roles in storage oil desaturation in seed. The introns of the three CsFAD2 selleck kinase inhibitor genes, which showed greater sequence variations, may provide additional resources for designing molecular markers in breeding. Furthermore, the roles of CsFAD2 in PUFA synthesis were demonstrated by mutant analysis and by antisense gene expression in camelina seed. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.”
“Purpose: To quantify the effect of sublingual isosorbide dinitrate ( ISDN) administration on coronary magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.

Materials and Methods: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, and the HIPAA-compliant protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board. Coronary MR imaging was performed at 1.5 T before and after administration of ISDN (2.5 or 5 mg) in 25 healthy adult volunteers (mean age, 23 years +/- 4; nine men, 16 women) with three-dimensional targeted (n = 20, randomized into four groups) or whole-heart ( n = 5) acquisitions with gradient-recalled echo (GRE) or balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP) sequences.

Here, we review recent mass spectrometry-based studies of Alzheim

Here, we review recent mass spectrometry-based studies of Alzheimer’s disease CSF, and additionally discuss issues associated with CSF in proteomics studies.”
“Background: A sedated, mature male miniature swine hemorrhage model has been specifically developed to evaluate resuscitation

products for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Surviving Blood Loss program.

Methods: Animals were placed in a sling, sedated with midazolam, and hemorrhaged 60% of estimated blood volume (similar to 39 mL/kg) exponentially for 1 hour with no resuscitation (control; n = 16). An additional 26 swine were treated similarly, then resuscitated with 1 mL/kg/min of Hextend to a systolic blood pressure of either 65 mm Hg +/- 2 mm Hg (n = 7) or 80 mm Hg +/- 5 mm Hg (n = 7) and with 17 beta-estradiol (E2) at 1 mg/kg (n = 6) or 10 mg/kg (n = 6). Animals were observed for 3 hours with periodic blood sampling. Survival times for the two E2 groups see more were not significantly different (p = 0.59); therefore, the groups were combined for

comparison with control.

Results: Hemorrhage resulted in a characteristic hypotension and metabolic acidosis. Survival time for the control swine was 64 minutes +/- 11.5 minutes with a 6% survival at 180 minutes. The 180 minutes Hextend survival was 86% for 65 mm Hg and 100% for 80 mm Hg. E2 survival was 125 minutes +/- 15.3 minutes, significantly different from control (p = 0.01), but E2 survival of 25% at 180 minutes was not different from control.

Conclusion: A sedated, sexually mature male miniature swine severe hemorrhage model has been successfully developed, LY2090314 in vivo resuscitated with Hextend and used to evaluate E2 as a small volume resuscitation product.”
“Objective.

Benign and malignant tumor cells can express altered adhesion properties, and these features can be associated with their proliferative and invasive characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate syndecan-1 Nutlin-3 cost and Ki-67 expression in ghost cell-containing odontogenic tumors.

Study Design. Clinical data were retrieved from laboratory records, and hematoxylin-eosin-stained slides and sections, labeled with monoclonal antibodies anti-syndecan-1 and anti-Ki-67 using the immunoperoxidase technique, were evaluated.

Results. Included were 21 central calcifying cystic odontogenic tumors (CCOTs) (4 associated with odontoma), 2 peripheral CCOTs, 1 dentinogenic ghost cell tumor, and 1 ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma (GCOC). Syndecan-1 was mainly expressed in cells resembling stellate reticulum and in stromal cells from the fibrous capsule. The mean Ki-67 labeling index was 4.1% (49.3% for GCOC), but it was not associated with syndecan-1 expression.

Conclusions. Syndecan-1 is variably expressed in cells resembling the stellate reticulum, stromal cells, and basal cells and might be associated with the biology of these tumors.

03) Half of all deaths were considered avoidable and this propor

03). Half of all deaths were considered avoidable and this proportion did not change. The most frequent contributory factor was inadequate management.

CONCLUSION: The ratio and profile

of maternal mortality in France remained unchanged from 1998 to 2007. Half of all maternal deaths are still considered avoidable, which indicates that improvement remains possible.”
“Background: There are no Taiwanese publications and only a few Asian publications on the long-term outcome of peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of PD patients in Taiwan during a 7-year follow-up period.

Patients and Methods: This study enrolled 67 patients (23 males, mean age 46.2 +/- 14.5 years) on maintenance PD. We administered the Short-Form questionnaire on 30 September 1998 and recorded Nirogacestat inhibitor major events and outcomes until 30 September 2005. We compared differences in initial parameters between groups categorized by PD patient survival and PD technique survival. Causes of mortality and transfer to hemodialysis were determined. PD patient and PD technique survival rates were

measured and risk factors for patient mortality and PD technique failure were analyzed.

Results: Those in patient survival or PD technique survival groups had lower mean age (p < 0.001 and 0.018 respectively) and higher serum albumin level (p Selleck GDC-0994 = 0.015 and 0.041 respectively) compared to those that died or failed PD. The 7-year patient survival rate was 77% and the PD technique survival rate was 58%. The independent predictors for PD technique failure included lower Mental Component Summary scores [ hazard ratio (HR) = 0.85, p = 0.031] and diabetes mellitus (HR = 4.63, p < 0.001), whereas lower serum PND-1186 clinical trial albumin level (HR = 0.22, p = 0.031), lower Physical Component Summary scores (HR = 0.67, p = 0.047), and presence of diabetes mellitus (HR = 5.123, p = 0.009) were the independent predictors for patient mortality.

Conclusion: For our PD patients, both patient and technique survival rates are good. Better glycemic control, adequate nutrition, and enhancement

of health-related quality of life are all of potential prognostic benefit.”
“Purpose of review

BK virus is one of the most frequent causes of graft loss after renal transplantation, with BK virus-associated nephropathy occurring in roughly 8% of patients, and graft loss rates reported as high as 50%. This review is meant to highlight the literature on BK viral disease following renal transplantation published in the most recent year.

Recent findings

Prevention of BK virus-associated graft loss requires early diagnosis of BK viral replication, which is best achieved by screening for BK viral DNA in the blood. Screening intervals more frequently than the currently recommended 3 months appear to offer increased efficacy.

04) and a high HOMA value (OR 1 1, 95% CI 1 0-1 2; P = 0 005) rem

04) and a high HOMA value (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.0-1.2; P = 0.005) remained significantly associated with advanced liver fibrosis. Mitochondrial toxicity and selleck kinase inhibitor IR thus appear to play a key role in liver damage associated with HIV/HCV-coinfection, and this should be taken into account when selecting and optimizing antiretroviral therapy. Antiretroviral drugs with strong mitochondrial toxicity (e. g. didanosine) or a major effect on glucose metabolism should be avoided.”
“In most mammalian species aromatase is encoded by a single gene (Cyp19), which contains 18 exons, nine of them being translated. In man, the presence

of a biologically active aromatase and oestrogen receptors (ER alpha and ER beta) has been reported in Leydig cells, and also in immature germ cells and ejaculated spermatozoa. Concerning aromatase, the CP-868596 amount of transcript and enzymatic activity are decreased in immotile compared with motile sperm. We have amplified aromatase mRNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction in spermatozoa from asthenospermic, teratospermic and asthenoteratospermic men and recorded, respectively, 44, 52 and 67 per cent decreases of the amount of transcripts compared with fertile donors. A high degree of correlation (r = -0.64) between the abnormal spermatozoa (especially microcephaly and acrosome malformations)

and aromatase/GAPDH transcript ratio has been observed. Idiopathic infertility is a wide health problem and no treatment is currently available. In humans, even if the role of oestrogens in spermatogenesis is still a matter of debate, the observations

of decreased sperm number and motility in men genetically deficient in aromatase, together with our data and those reported in the literature, may suggest a role for aromatase/oestrogens not only during the development and maintenance of spermatogenesis but also in the final maturation of spermatozoa.”
“Drug resistance is a major limitation for the long-term efficacy of antiviral therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) in chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Antiviral resistance mutations may pre-exist in the overall viral Momelotinib research buy population of untreated patients. We aimed to assess the prevalence of such hepatitis B virus (HBV) variants in a large cohort of NAs-naive patients with CHB and to explore possible association with viral and host variables. Serum samples from 286 NAs-naive consecutive patients with CHB were tested for serum HBV-DNA, and 255 of them having HBV-DNA > 1000 IU/mL were further analysed for drug resistance mutations by INNO-LiPA HBV DRv2/v3. NAs-naive patients analysed were mainly men (73%), Caucasians (85%), hepatitis B e Antigen (HBeAg) negative (79%) and genotype D (69%), with a mean age of 43.2 +/- 13.4 years. HBV mutations associated with antiviral drug resistance were detected in 13 (5%) patients: three patients infected with HBV genotype C had the rtM204V + rtL180M mutations associated with lamivudine (LMV) resistance.


“We systematically reviewed research examining the associa


“We systematically reviewed research examining the association between gestational diabetes (GDM) and childhood overweight and obesity. We identified studies from three sources: (1) a PubMed search of articles published between January 1990-January 2011, (2) reference lists of publications from the PubMed search, and (3) reference lists of review articles. We included studies that examined GDM separately from pregestational diabetes and childhood overweight or obesity defined as BMI AZD7762 purchase > 85th or 95th percentile. A total of 12 studies were included in the systematic review. Crude odds ratios for the relationship between GDM and childhood overweight or obesity

ranged from 0.7 to 6.3; in 8 studies, the associations were not statistically significant. In only 3 studies were results adjusted for any confounders; in the 2 that adjusted for prepregnancy obesity, the GDM and childhood overweight or obesity associations were attenuated and not statistically

significant after adjustment. This paper demonstrates inconsistent evidence of an association between GDM and offspring overweight and obesity due to the methodological limitations find more of existing studies. Recommendations for future research are presented, which address methodological challenges.”
“BACKGROUND: Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trametes versicolor and Bjerkandera sp BOL13 were compared for decolorization of azo dyes supplied individually or as a mixture. The dye decolorization was also evaluated during continuous treatment under non-sterile conditions using a lignocellulosic growth substrate. RESULTS: Bjerkandera

sp BOL13 showed the highest dye decolorization potential. This fungus was also found to support high decolorization of Remazol Red RR at an initial pH of 4-6 and when using straw as co-substrate. The fungus was evaluated for Remazol Red RR decolorization in a continuously fed packed-bed bioreactor operated under non-sterile conditions with 3 days of hydraulic retention time. this website When glucose was supplied as growth-substrate, decolorization efficiencies of 65-90% were maintained for 12 days in a bioreactor packed with wooden material. The decolorization efficiency was lower when glucose was not fed to the fungus or when a plastic material was used as packing. Higher manganese peroxidase and laccase activities were also recorded when the wood packing was used. Contamination caused a drop in decolorization efficiency after 17-19 days operation. CONCLUSIONS: The potential of Bjerkandera sp BOL13 for decolorization of azo dyes under non-sterile conditions using lignocellulosic growth substrates was demonstrated. Research is needed to reduce contamination under non-sterile conditions.

The potential clinical significance of this new dimension of HDL-

The potential clinical significance of this new dimension of HDL-C metabolism in terms of CV outcomes remains to be clarified.”
“Background: Due to lack of country-specific norms in China, we established the reference range of plasma amino acids for younger Chinese children by reverse phase

high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Methods: Plasma proteins were precipitated with ethanol. L-Norvaline served as an internal standard. This HPLC method was based on automated precolumn derivatization using www.selleckchem.com/products/Fedratinib-SAR302503-TG101348.html o-phthalaldehyde 3-mercaptopropionic acid for primary amino acids and 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate for secondary amino acids. Twenty-three amino acid derivatives were separated by a Zorbax

Eclipse AAA column and detected fluorometrically. Plasma amino acids were measured in 108 healthy Chinese children (ages 0-5 years, 59 boys and 49 girls).

Results: The assay was linear from 7.2 to 925.0 mu mol/L for all amino acids. Recovery of amino acids added to plasma samples was 93%-107%. Within-and between-run reproducibility was 0.18%-6.27% and 2.94%-16.15%, respectively. Sex-and age-specific plasma amino acid reference range for younger Chinese children was established. In our study, the boys had significantly GSK3235025 in vitro higher levels of glutamine, citrulline, and tryptophan than girls (p<0.05), and the girls had a significantly higher level of alanine than boys (p<0.05). Compared with the 0- to 1-year group, the

1- to 5-year group had significantly higher levels of citrulline, valine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, and sarcosine and lower levels of aspartate, glutamate, serine, threonine, alanine, methionine, and tryptophan (p<0.05).

Conclusions: This study validates the selleck kinase inhibitor HPLC method described here as a simple, rapid, and reliable assay. The reference range of plasma amino acids for younger Chinese children is different from that for Caucasian children and will facilitate our clinical diagnosis in the future.”
“Focused ultrasound surgery (FUS) is a noninvasive image-guided therapy and an alternative to surgical interventions. It presents an opportunity to revolutionize cancer therapy and to affect or change drug delivery of therapeutic agents in new focally targeted ways. In this article the background, principles, technical devices, and clinical cancer applications of image-guided FUS are reviewed. (C) RSNA, 2011″
“The Livalo (R) (Livazo (R) in Europe) Effectiveness and Safety (LIVES) study, a postmarketing surveillance trial conducted in 20,2,79 Japanese patients with hypercholesterolemia, is the largest trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of pitavastatin 1-4 mg/day.

22%), findings suggest that methamphetamine users may be at great

22%), findings suggest that methamphetamine users may be at greater risk for HIV transmission. HIV

prevalence was higher among methamphetamine users (49%) than among Crack users (24%). Having unprotected sex (OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.46-5.26), having sex in a public sex venue (OR 3.63, 95% CI 1.52-8.64). having sex with an HIV positive rather than with in HIV negative partner (OR 6.15, 95% CI 2.14-17.62), having exchanged sex for money LY3039478 price or drugs (OR 4.16, 95% CI 1.78-9.72), and having a higher number of sexual partners (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.17-2.38) all were associated with increased odds of methamphetamine use during sex. Fewer high-risk behaviors were associated with increased odds of using crack during sex. Having unprotected sex was associated with increased odds of crack use during sex only when sex partners were perceived to be HIV negative rather than to be HIV positive Or Of unknown Status. Findings provide observations on associations between stimulant

use during sex and risk behaviors that may be important to HIV prevention and drug treatment approaches for urban, older, very poor MSM. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“South Asians have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) than white Caucasians, for a given BMI. Premature biological ageing, assessed by reduction in telomere length (TL), may be mediated by factors resulting from altered metabolic profiles associated with obesity. We hypothesise that ethnicity and https://www.selleckchem.com/products/th-302.html metabolic status represent detrimental factors contributing to premature biological ageing. Therefore we assessed TL in two South

Asian, age and BMI-matched cohorts [T2DM (n = 142) versus non-T2DM (n = 76)] to determine the effects of BMI, gender, lipid and CVD profile on biological ageing. Genomic DNA was obtained from the UKADS cohort; biochemical and anthropometric data was collected and TL was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Our findings indicated a gender-specific effect with reduced TL in T2DM men compared with non-T2DM men (P = 0.006). Additionally, in T2DM men, TL was inversely correlated with triglycerides and total 4EGI-1 price cholesterol (r = -0.419, P < 0.01; r = -0.443, P < 0.01). In summary, TL was reduced amongst South Asian T2DM men and correlated with triglycerides and total cholesterol. This study highlights enhanced biological ageing among South Asian, T2DM men, which appears to be tracked by changes in lipids and BMI, suggesting that raised lipids and BMI may directly contribute to premature ageing.”
“The anionic polymerization of methyl methacrylate was performed ill tetrahydrofuran (THF) at -78 degrees C, using sec-butyllithium/1,1-diphenylethylene (DPE) as the initiation system. The effects of polymerization time and initiator concentration on the branching reaction were studied. High vacuum was used to prevent contamination during the polymerization.

STAT3 and p36 expression occurred in 78 3% (36/46) and 47 8% (22/

STAT3 and p36 expression occurred in 78.3% (36/46) and 47.8% (22/46) of HCC patients, respectively. However, no correlation was found between STAT3 and p36 protein expression (p>0.05). Enhanced expression of STAT3 was negatively correlated with portal vein invasion (p=0.033). Expression of STAT3 in the nucleus was correlated with tumor grade (p=0.004). Enhanced expression of https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ink128.html p36 was correlated with tumor grade (p=0.031). HCC was correlated with HBV infection (p=0.032). The patients’ 5-year survival was related to expression of p36 (p=0.044), but not to total STAT3 or nuclear STAT3 (p>0.05). Conclusions : The

enhanced expression of STAT3 in the nucleus and the enhanced expression of p36 are associated with the aggressive phenotype of HCC. Enhanced p36 expression may contribute to poor Selumetinib survival of patients with HCC.”
“The preparation and characterization of

a polymer electrolyte films containing 80 wt % of poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) and 20 wt %, epoxidized natural rubber (ENR50) complexed with LiCF3SO3 has been reported. The ac impedance data showed good conducting properties of the solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) films. The greatest room temperature ionic conductivity of 7.5 x 10(-5) S cm(-1) was obtained at 25 wt % of LiCF3SO3 salt. This result has been supported by differential scanning calorimeter and X-ray diffraction analysis. Analysis differential scanning calorimetry showed the relative percentage of crystallinity and T-m of PEO decreased with the increasing wt % of LiCF3SO3. Analysis with X-ray diffraction Suggested that the semicrystalline nature of PEO turned to amorphous due to the presence of LiCF3SO3. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 113: 855-859,

2009″
“Background: APC and E-cadherin are the key molecules in the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. We attempted to define the epigenetic alteration of APC and CDH1 (the E-cadherin gene) and the expression of Wnt-related molecules in human mammary carcinomas. Methods : Sixty-four mammary carcinomas, including 52 invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs) and 12 invasive lobular carcinomas (ILCs), were evaluated using methylation-specific PCR and immunohistochemistry. We performed immunohistochemistry for E-cadherin, beta-catenin, APC, Wnt1 cyclin D1 ER, PR and C-erb BTK inhibitor B2. Results : Hypermethylation of APC and CDH1 was observed in 38 (59%) and 28 (44%) Gases, respectively. CDH1 hypermethylation in ILCs was increased compared to that in IDCs (p=0.002) and it was associated with the loss of E-cadherin (p=0.02) and beta-catenin (p=0.042). APC methylation was positively correlated with the ER expression (p=0.021). Abnormal cytoplasmic localization of beta-catenin was found in 10 cases and any expression was not detected in six Gases. In ILCs, the E-cacherin or beta-catenin expression was markedly decreased compared to that in IDCs (p<0.001 in both).

In obtained plasma samples, the leptin, triacylglycerols (TG) and

In obtained plasma samples, the leptin, triacylglycerols (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations were measured. The leptin and TG levels in the plasma sampled on the day of delivery and the two following days were significantly higher in mares which received veterinary selleck inhibitor intervention during the delivery, when compared to the results obtained from the plasma of mares which had normal delivery. The results obtained from foals did not show any statistical differences. In conclusion, the conducted tests have shown that post-parturient hyperlipidemia and hyperleptinemia in mares did not influence the lipid status and plasma leptin level in newborn

foals.”
“Laser light can be used during endodontic procedures to sterilize the root canal by destroying bacteria. Previous in-vitro studies that investigated the mechanism of the destruction of bacteria inhabiting the root canal by 1,064-nm Nd:YAG and 808-nm diode laser light used substrates that absorb light in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum. These substrates heat the bacterial microenvironment, which possibly contributes to cell death. To determine the direct effect

of laser light on the bacterial sample in the absence of detrimental heating, a sapphire substrate, Copanlisib purchase which is virtually transparent in NIR spectrum, was inoculated with bacterial samples and subjected to laser irradiation at 1,064 nm (1.5 W, 15 Hz) and at 808 nm (1.5 W, 20 Hz). Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria were used. E. faecalis and E. coli were largely unaffected by laser light. The viability of P. gingivalis, a pigmented bacterium, was directly affected by both NIR wavelengths (a 57% decrease of viability at 1,064 nm and a 31% decrease at 808 nm). Our results indicate that the primary mediator of cell death appears to be the interaction between NIR laser light

and the bacterial microenvironment, most likely in the form of heating. Our selleckchem research suggests that when optimizing the efficacy of laser-assisted endodontic sterilization of the root canal, the optical characteristics of the bacterial microenvironment play a key role, as nonpigmented bacteria appear to be virtually transparent at 808 nm and 1,064 nm.”
“AimsTo examine patient and medication characteristics associated with retention and continued illicit opioid use in methadone (MET) versus buprenorphine/naloxone (BUP) treatment for opioid dependence.

Design, settings and participantsThis secondary analysis included 1267 opioid-dependent individuals participating in nine opioid treatment programs between 2006 and 2009 and randomized to receive open-label BUP or MET for 24 weeks.

Early angiosperm fossil flowers show a similar orderly diversific

Early angiosperm fossil flowers show a similar orderly diversification and also provide detailed insights into the changing reproductive biology and phylogenetic diversity of angiosperms from the Early Cretaceous. In addition, newly discovered fossil flowers indicate considerable, previously unrecognized, cryptic diversity among the earliest angiosperms known from the fossil record. Lineages

that today have an herbaceous or shrubby habit selleck chemical were well represented. Monocotyledons, which have previously been difficult to recognize among assemblages of early fossil angiosperms, were also diverse and prominent in many Early Cretaceous ecosystems.”
“Antimony doped p-type ZnO films were grown on Al2O3 (0001) substrate by pulsed laser deposition. The structural properties of Zn1-xSbxO (3% and 5%) thin films were investigated by Raman scattering studies. The softening of local lattice due to the formation of (Sb-Zn-2V(Zn)) acceptor complexes was detected as the shift in 4SC-202 inhibitor E-2(high) mode toward lower frequency side in ZnSbO thin films. Additional optical modes observed at 277, 333, 483, and 534 cm(-1) are due to the breaking of translational symmetry in w-ZnO by Sb doping. The Zn-Sb related local vibrational mode was detected around 237

cm(-1) in 5% Sb doped ZnO thin film. Room temperature Hall measurements exhibited low resistivity of 0.017 Omega cm, high hole concentration of find more 6.25 x 10(18) cm(-3), and mobility of 57.44 cm(2)/V s in the 5% Sb-doped ZnO thin film. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3516493]“
“Flowering plants represent the most significant branch in the tree of land plants, with respect to the number of extant species, their impact on the shaping of modern ecosystems and their economic importance. However,

unlike so many persistent phylogenetic problems that have yielded to insights from DNA sequence data, the mystery surrounding the origin of angiosperms has deepened with the advent and advance of molecular systematics. Strong statistical support for competing hypotheses and recent novel trees from molecular data suggest that the accuracy of current molecular trees requires further testing. Analyses of phytochrome amino acids using a duplicate gene-rooting approach yield trees that unite cycads and angiosperms in a clade that is sister to a clade in which Gingko and Cupressophyta are successive sister taxa to gnetophytes plus Pinaceae. Application of a cycads + angiosperms backbone constraint in analyses of a morphological dataset yields better resolved trees than do analyses in which extant gymnosperms are forced to be monophyletic. The results have implications both for our assessment of uncertainty in trees from sequence data and for our use of molecular constraints as a way to integrate insights from morphological and molecular evidence.