“
“A differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate

schedule (DRL) delivers reinforcement only when the interresponse time (IRT) exceeds a fixed time interval, thereby shaping rats to discriminate the timing of their responses. However, little is known about the motor behavior and location of the rats in the chamber during the IRTs that lead to reinforcement. Although amphetamine is known to disrupt DRL timing behavior, the effects of this drug on non-operant motor behavior during DRL performance has not yet been quantified.\n\nThe purpose of this research was to measure the motor behavior (movement trajectories in the horizontal plane and spatial location in the plane) during longer IRTs after either vehicle or amphetamine treatment.\n\nExperimental chambers were constructed with a force-plate actometer as the floor, and while performing the operant task, the rats’ 5-Fluoracil clinical trial motor behaviors were measured continuously with high temporal and spatial resolution. Separate groups of eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on either DRL 24-s or DRL 72-s schedules of water reinforcement in 4-h recording sessions.\n\nAnalyses of

IRT distributions showed that the rats’ timing behavior conformed to their respective DRL requirements. In the absence of drug, analysis of motor behavior in pre-reinforcement intervals showed that rats located themselves away from the operandum and exhibited very low levels of movement. Rats exhibited a significant temporal diminution of horizontal movement that reached a minimum PLK inhibitor 4-8 s BTSA1 inhibitor before the rats moved to the operandum to execute operant responses. Amphetamine treatment increased locomotion, abolished the temporal movement gradient, and brought the rats closer to the operandum compared to vehicle treatment. Movement changes induced by amphetamine were accompanied by degraded timing behavior.\n\nTaken together, the data show that DRL training induced rats to locate themselves away from the operandum and to remain nearly motionless during longer IRTs and that amphetamine treatment interfered with this complex of behavioral features.”
“Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by age-dependent

growth of kidney cysts with end-stage renal disease developing in approximately 50% of affected individuals. Living donors from ADPKD families arc at risk for developing ADPKD and may be excluded from renal donation if the diagnosis cannot be conclusively ruled out. Radiographic imaging may be adequate to screen for kidney cysts in most at-risk donors but may fail to identify affected individuals younger than 40 years or older individuals from families with mild disease. In this article, we report a strategy that incorporates genetic testing in the evaluation of live kidney donors at risk for ADPKD whose disease status cannot be established with certainty on the basis of imaging studies alone. We show that DNA diagnostics can be used to enhance safe donation for certain living donor candidates at risk for ADPKD.

10 to 2.17)). Asthma significantly increased the risk of Perthes’ disease (OR 1.44 (95% CI 1.17 to 1.76)), which remained after adjusting for oral/parenteral steroid use.\n\nPerthes’ disease has a significant association with congenital genitourinary and inguinal anomalies, suggesting that intra-uterine factors may be critical to causation. AZD0530 in vitro Other comorbid associations may offer insight to support or refute theories of pathogenesis.”
“Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has been used with increasing frequency to treat congenital bone marrow failure syndrome (CBMFs) successfully. Decision to perform BMT, however, is difficult

in the case of comorbidity because of regimen-related toxicities. We describe here a child with CBMFs, severe cerebral palsy (CP) at Gross Motor Function Classification System level V and mental retardation (MR) who

was transfusion dependent despite various medications. She underwent BMT from an HLA-1 locus-mismatched unrelated donor. Although engraftment was successful, no neurological improvement was seen 5 years after BMT. While CBMFs patients who have CP and MR could undergo transplantation safely, they may not benefit neurologically from BMT.”
“Recent studies have demonstrated significant regional variability in the hemodynamic response function (HRF), highlighting the difficulty of correctly interpreting functional MRI (fMRI) data without proper modeling of the HRF. The focus of this study was to investigate the HRF variability within click here visual cortex. The HRF was estimated for a number of cortical visual areas by deconvolution check details of fMRI blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses to brief, large-field visual stimulation. Significant HRF variation was found across visual areas V1, V2, V3, V4, VO-1,2, V3AB, IPS-0,1,2,3, LO-1,2, and TO-1,2. Additionally, a subpopulation of voxels was identified that exhibited an impulse response waveform that was similar, but not identical, to an inverted version of the commonly described and modeled positive HRF. These

voxels were found within the retinotopic confines of the stimulus and were intermixed with those showing positive responses. The spatial distribution and variability of these HRFs suggest a vascular origin for the inverted waveforms. We suggest that the polarity of the HRF is a separate factor that is independent of the suppressive or activating nature of the underlying neuronal activity. Correctly modeling the polarity of the HRF allows one to recover an estimate of the underlying neuronal activity rather than discard the responses from these voxels on the assumption that they are artifactual. We demonstrate this approach on phase-encoded retinotopic mapping data as an example of the benefits of accurately modeling the HRF during the analysis of fMRI data. Hum Brain Mapp 35:5550-5564, 2014. (c) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The findings indicated that the HER-2 gene amplification was found in 18 cases (34.6%) by FISH

and the HER-2 protein over-expression (score 3+) in 15 cases (28.8%) by IHC. Immunohistochemically, 28.6% of the cases scored as 2+ and 93.3% of the cases scored as 3+ were HER-2-positive by FISH. There was a significant correlation between the HER-2 gene amplification and HER-2 Cl-amidine manufacturer protein over-expression in breast cancer (P < 0.005). No correlation was noted between the HER-2 gene amplification and any of the clinicopathological parameters examined, including age, menopausal status, menarche age, tumor size, histological tumor type, histological grade, lymph node status, and the expression of ER and PR. It was concluded that the detection of HER-2 gene amplification in breast cancer by FISH is valuable and can compare with HER-2 protein detection by IHC.”
“We report a case of an outpatient cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation and resuscitated with R406 clinical trial external automated defibrillator shocks in which acute amiodarone infusion unmasked a Brugada phenotype electrocardiographic pattern. Possible interferences by this drug and suitable

therapeutic actions are discussed. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“The microbiology of the spacecraft assembly process is of paramount importance to planetary exploration, as the biological contamination that can result from remote-enabled spacecraft carries the potential to impact both life-detection experiments and extraterrestrial evolution. Accordingly, insights into the mechanisms and range of extremotolerance of Acinetobacter radioresistens 50v1, a Gram-negative bacterium isolated from the surface of the preflight Mars Odyssey orbiter, were gained by using a combination of microbiological, enzymatic, and proteomic methods. In summary, A.

radioresistens 50v1 displayed a remarkable range of survival against hydrogen peroxide and the sequential exposures of desiccation, vapor and plasma phase hydrogen peroxide, and ultraviolet irradiation. The survival is among the highest reported JNK-IN-8 clinical trial for non-spore-forming and Gram-negative bacteria and is based upon contributions from the enzyme-based degradation of H2O2 (catalase and alkyl hydroperoxide reductase), energy management (ATP synthase and alcohol dehydrogenase), and modulation of the membrane composition. Together, the biochemical and survival features of A. radioresistens 50v1 support a potential persistence on Mars (given an unintended or planned surface landing of the Mars Odyssey orbiter), which in turn may compromise the scientific integrity of future life-detection missions.”
“Nursing home quality measures impact policy decisions such as reimbursement or consumer choice. Quality indicators in the United States are collected through the federally mandated Minimum Data Set (MDS). Bias in MDS data collection or coding can thus have a negative impact on policy applications.

However, concentrations of acetaldehyde and acrolein increased farther downwind of SH-71, suggesting chemical generation from the oxidation of primary vehicular emissions. The behavior of particle-bound organic species was complex and further investigation of the size-segregated chemical composition of particulate matter (PM) at increasing downwind distances from roadways is warranted. Fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) mass concentrations, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hopanes, and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations generally

exhibited concentrations that decreased with distance downwind of SH-71. Concentrations of organic carbon (OC) increased from upwind concentrations immediately downwind of SH-71 and continued to increase further downwind from the roadway. This behavior may have primarily resulted from condensation of semi-volatile organic species emitted from vehicle sources with transport this website downwind of the roadway. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Recent study demonstrates antidepressant-like effect of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated Selleckchem HM781-36B transcript (CART) in the forced swimming test (FST), but less is known about whether

antidepressant treatments alter levels of CART immunoreactivity (CART-IR) in the FST. To explore this possibility, we assessed the treatment effects of desipramine and citalopram, which inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into the presynaptic terminals, respectively, on changes in levels of CART-IR before and after the

test swim in mouse brain. Levels of CART-IR in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh), dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (dBNST), and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were significantly increased before the test swim by desipramine and citalopram treatments. This increase in CART-IR in the AcbSh, dBNST, and PVN before the test swim remained Selleck CCI-779 elevated by desipramine treatment after the test swim, but this increase in these brain areas returned to near control levels after test swim by citalopram treatment. Citalopram, but not desipramine, treatment increased levels of CART-IR in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and the locus ceruleus (LC) before the test swim, and this increase was returned to control levels after the test swim in the CeA, but not in the LC. These results suggest common and distinct regulation of CART by desipramine and citalopram treatments in the FST and raise the possibility that CART in the AcbSh, dBNST, and CeA may be involved in antidepressant-like effect in the FST.”
“PURPOSE. Cystatin C, a potent cysteine proteinase inhibitor, is abundantly secreted by the RPE and may contribute to regulating protein turnover in the Bruch’s membrane (BrM). A cystatin C variant associated with increased risk of developing AMD and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) presents reduced secretion levels from RPE.

\n\nAim: To assess independent pre-eclampsia risk factors in a multiethnic New Zealand population.\n\nMethods: We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of prospectively recorded maternity data from 2006 to 2009 at National Women’s Health, Auckland, New Zealand. After exclusion of infants with congenital anomalies and missing data, our final study population was 26 254 singleton pregnancies. Galardin mw Multivariable

logistic regression analysis adjusted for ethnicity, BMI, maternal age, parity, smoking, social deprivation, diabetes, chronic hypertension and relevant pre-existing medical conditions was performed.\n\nResults: Independent associations with pre-eclampsia were observed in Chinese (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.56, [95% CI 0.41-0.76]) and Maori (aOR 1.51, [1.16-1.96]) compared with European women. Other independent risk factors for pre-eclampsia were overweight and obesity, nulliparity, type 1 diabetes, chronic hypertension and pre-existing Rabusertib chemical structure medical conditions.\n\nConclusions: Contrary to our hypothesis, we report an independent reduced risk of pre-eclampsia in Chinese and increased risk of pre-eclampsia in Maori women. Prospective studies are required to further explore these relationships. Other independent risk factors

are consistent with international literature. Our findings may assist clinicians to stratify risk of pre-eclampsia in clinical practice.”
“Weibel-Palade body (WPB) exocytosis underlies hormone-evoked VWF secretion from endothelial cells (ECs). We identify new endogenous components of the WPB: Rab3B, Rab3D, and the Rab27A/Rab3 effector Slp4-a (granuphilin), and determine their role in WPB exocytosis. We show that Rab3B, Rab3D, and Rab27A contribute to Slp4-a localization to

WPBs. siRNA knockdown of Slp4-a, MyRIP, Rab3B, Rab3D, Rab27A, or Rab3B/Rab27A, or overexpression of EGFP-Slp4-a or EGFP-MyRIP showed that Slp4-a is a positive and MyRIP a negative regulator of WPB exocytosis and that Rab27A alone mediates these effects. We found that ECs maintain a constant amount of cellular Rab27A irrespective of the WPB pool size and that Rab27A (and Rab3s) cycle between WPBs and a cytosolic pool. The dynamic redistribution of Rab proteins markedly decreased the Rab27A concentration on individual WPBs with increasing WPB number per cell. Despite this, the probability AZD6094 mouse of WPB release was independent of WPB pool size showing that WPB exocytosis is not determined simply by the absolute amount of Rab27A and its effectors on WPBs. Instead, we propose that the probability of release is determined by the fractional occupancy of WPB-Rab27A by Slp4-a and MyRIP, with the balance favoring exocytosis. (Blood. 2012;120(13):2757-2767)”
“Lineage trees describe the microevolution of cells within an organism. They have been useful in the study of B cell affinity maturation, which is based on somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes in germinal centers and selection of the resulting mutants.

All guidelines agree on stopping ongoing antidepressant medication during mania. Combination therapy including Li or VPA with an AAP is suggested usually as second-line choice, sometimes

as first-choice treatment for severe mania. Carbamazepine is mostly suggested as second line and not recommended in combination. Other antiepileptic drugs are not recommended for the treatment of mania, although lamotrigine may be maintained if it was prescribed previously for the prevention of depressive episodes. Main sources of discrepancies among guidelines include benefit risk ratio issues ( how much priority is given to efficacy over Lazertinib concentration safety and tolerability), starting with combination versus monotherapy, and how to deal with treatments which are more experience-based BI 6727 in vivo than evidence-based (i.e.: electroconvulsive therapy). (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Circadian systems are comprised of multiple proteins functioning together to produce feedback loops driving robust, approximately 24 hr rhythms. In all circadian systems, proteins in these loops are regulated through myriad physically and temporally distinct pottranslational modifications (PTMs) To better understand how PTMs impact a circadian oscillator, we implemented a proteomics-based approach by combining purification of endogenous FREQUENCY (FRQ) and its

interacting partners with quantitative mass spectrometry (MS). We identify and quantify time-of-day-specific protein-protein interactions in the clock and show how these provide a platform for temporal and physical separation between the dual roles of FRQ. Additionally, by unambiguously identifying over 75 phosphorylated residues, following their quantitative change over a circadian cycle,

and examining the phenotypes of strains that have lost these sites, we demonstrate how spatially and temporally regulated phosphorylation has opposing effects directly on overt circadian rhythms and FRQ stability.”
“A locally isolated Acinetobacter sp. Strain AQ5NOL OSI-744 order 1 was encapsulated in gellan gum and its ability to degrade phenol was compared with the free cells. Optimal phenol degradation was achieved at gellan gum concentration of 0.75% (w/v), bead size of 3 mm diameter (estimated surface area of 28.26 mm(2)) and bead number of 300 per 100 ml medium. At phenol concentration of 100 mg l(-1), both free and immobilized bacteria exhibited similar rates of phenol degradation but at higher phenol concentrations, the immobilized bacteria exhibited a higher rate of degradation of phenol. The immobilized cells completely degrade phenol within 108, 216 and 240 h at 1,100, 1,500 and 1,900 mg l(-1) phenol, respectively, whereas free cells took 240 h to completely degrade phenol at 1,100 mg l(-1). However, the free cells were unable to completely degrade phenol at higher concentrations. Overall, the rates of phenol degradation by both immobilized and free bacteria decreased gradually as the phenol concentration was increased.

\n\nResults: Mediation analyses showed that changes in cycling, sports and total physical activity behaviour induced by the environmentally tailored intervention were mediated by changes in environmental perceptions. Changes in environmental perceptions did not mediate the effect ASP1517 of the basic tailored intervention

on behaviour. Compared with the basic tailored intervention, the environmentally tailored intervention significantly improved cycling behaviour (t = 30.2). Additionally, the tailored letters of the environmentally tailored intervention were better appreciated and used, although these differences did not mediate the intervention effect.\n\nDiscussion: This study gave some first indications of the relevance of environmental perceptions as a determinant of changing physical activity behaviours and the potential effectiveness of providing environmental Roscovitine solubility dmso information as an intervention strategy aimed at enhancing physical activity behaviour among older adults.”
“Improving osseointegration of extensively used titanium (Ti) implants still remains a main theme in implantology.

Recently, grafting biomolecules onto a Ti surface has attracted more attention due to their direct participation in the osseointegration process around the implant. Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is a new proven osteoprotection molecule and is considered to be a promising therapeutic agent in bone diseases, but how to immobilize the protein onto a Ti surface to acquire a long-term effect is poorly defined. In our study, we tried to use chitosan to wrap Sema3A (CS/Sema) and connect to the microarc oxidized Ti surface via silane glutaraldehyde coupling. The microarc oxidization could formulate

porous topography on a Ti surface, and the covalently bonded coating was homogeneously covered on the ridges between the pores without significant FG-4592 mouse influence on the original topography. A burst release of Sema3A was observed in the first few days in phosphate-buffered saline and could be maintained for. 2 weeks. Coating in phosphate-buffered saline containing lysozyme was similar, but the release rate was much more rapid. The coating did not significantly affect cellular adhesion, viability, or cytoskeleton arrangement, but the osteogenic-related gene expression was dramatically increased and calcium deposition was also abundantly detected. In conclusion, covalent bonding of CS/Sema could strongly improve osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts and might be applied for Ti implant surface biofunctionalization.”
“Growth restriction and retarded bone age are common findings in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We compared the automated BoneXpert (TM) method with the manual assessment of an X-ray of the non-dominant hand.

“
“Vegetative grafting has been proposed as a technique for managing diseases in tomatoes under open-field conditions. Over 2 successive years, we investigated the use of grafting under open-field fresh tomato production and found a serious limitation with current grafting techniques, which resulted in recurring rootstock shoot regrowth (“suckering”) from the rootstock cotyledons when left intact. Left unchecked, the regrowth of tomato rootstocks can envelop the experimental scions, which can impact the growth of field-grown tomatoes. In the Fall of 2007, the cultivars Multifort, Aloha, and TX-301 with

‘FL-47′ scions were grafted by a commercial propagator. These grafted plants were planted in a field experiment and after a time period, the number of rootstock suckers was counted and HDAC inhibitors cancer removed. This process was repeated over five time periods. In 2008, we grafted

all of the plants below the rootstock cotyledons. During five different time periods spanning 57 d, bud regrowth from the rootstock occurred in all studied rootstocks in 2007. The difference in the 2 years was dramatic. In the first year, the number of plants with rootstock regrowth was as high as 84.6% in some of the plots for ‘Multifort’, 30.7% for ‘Aloha’, and 15.4% for ‘TX-301′. In the second year, with a different grafting technique, no regrowth from the rootstocks was observed. Even when the rootstock regrowth was www.selleckchem.com/products/3-methyladenine.html removed in 2007, the rootstock sprout growth would reappear from the rootstock. The statistical interaction of the percentage of plants with rootstock regrowth for all recorded dates in 2007 was significant for ‘Multifort’ (Tukey-Fischer P <= 0.05) but not ‘Aloha’ or ‘TX-301′. Although the study also contained fumigation treatments, no interaction selleck screening library of soil treatments on root sprouting was observed. Since adopting this method, rootstock regrowth

has not been observed in subsequent field experiments for the past 3 years.”
“Eco-friendly step-and-flash imprint lithography was investigated for the future high-volume manufacture of biomicrochips. A nanoimprinted ultraviolet-curing liquid material with a lactulose derivative derived from medicinal drugs was found to have excellent UV curing properties, film shrinkage during a UV curing reaction, and good etch selectivity with a silicon-based middle layer in CF4 plasma treatment. 80 nm half-pitch lines of the nanoimprinted ultraviolet-curing liquid material with a lactulose derivative were resolved using the process conditions for a trilayer including a silicon-based middle layer with a high silicon concentration of 21.5 wt % and a novolac-based bottom layer on a 100 mm silicon wafer in step-and-flash imprint lithography. (C) 2014 The Japan Society of Applied Physics”
“Paysandisia archon (Burmeister, 1980) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) is an accidentally introduced pest that damages palm trees in the northern Mediterranean area.

Results: 12.4% of patients had

SCA in NMOSD. Patients with SCA had a longer disease duration and Cyclopamine datasheet higher EDSS at clinical onset and last visit. More importantly, SCA patients were more prone to reach disability milestones (EDSS = 6.0). Bowel or bladder dysfunction, movement disorders, and sensory disturbances symptoms were more common in patients with SCA. ESR and CRP were significantly higher in patients with SCA than those without SCA. Patients with SCA were more frequently complicated with cervical cord lesions. However, the ARR, progression index, seropositive rate of NMO-IgG and OCB were similar in the two groups. Futhermore, LETM did not differ significantly between patients with SCA and without SCA in NMOSD patients. Conclusions: Patients with SCA might have longer disease duration, more severe clinical disability, and more frequently complicated with cervical spinal cord lesions. SCA might be predictive of the more severe neurologic dysfunction and worse prognosis in NMOSD.

Inflammation contributes to the development of SCA in NMOSD.”
“In this original work, the Indium oxide (In2O3) thin film is deposited cleanly on microscope glass substrate at different temperatures by spray pyrolysis technique. The physical properties of the films are characterized by XRD, SEM, AFM and AFM measurements. The spectroscopic investigation has been carried out on the results of FT-IR, Fr-Raman and UV-Visible. XRD analysis exposed that the structural www.selleckchem.com/products/citarinostat-acy-241.html transformation of films from stoichiothetric to non-stoichiometric orientation of the plane vice versa Prexasertib order and also found that, the film is polycrystalline in nature having cubic crystal structure with a preferred grain orientation along (22 2) plane.

SEM and AFM studies revealed that, the film with 0.1 M at 500 degrees C has spherical grains with uniform dimension. The complete vibrational analysis has been carried out and the optimized parameters are calculated using HF and DFT (CAM-B3LYP, B3LYP and B3PW91) methods with 3-21G(d,p) basis set. Furthermore, NMR chemical shifts are calculated by using the gauge independent atomic orbital (GIAO) technique. The molecular electronic properties; absorption wavelengths, excitation energy, dipole moment and frontier molecular orbital energies, molecular electrostatic potential energy (MEP) analysis and Polarizability first order hyperpolarizability calculations are performed by time dependent DFT (TD-DFT) approach. The energy excitation on electronic structure is investigated and the assignment of the absorption bands in the electronic spectra of steady compound is discussed. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies showed the enhancement of energy gap by the addition of substitutions with the base molecule. The thermodynamic properties (heat capacity, entropy, and enthalpy) at different temperatures are calculated and interpreted in gas phase. Crown Copyright (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Results: The methanol and aqueous extracts showed respectively, 88% and 19% inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity. Yet, the same extracts inhibited lipid peroxidation by 61.5% and 42.0%, respectively. Both extracts inhibited OH center dot formation by 27.1% signaling pathway and 25.3%, respectively. Only methanol extract induced DNA degradation. Orientin was determined as the major compound isolated from the butanol fraction of methanol extract. Conclusions: It appears that C.

rotundas extracts exhibit a potential use as a natural antioxidant and an apoptosis inducer.”
“The European REACH regulation places responsibility for providing safety information, including derived no-effect levels (DNELs), on chemicals and chemical products on ‘industry’, i.e. manufacturers and importers. We compared long-term inhalation worker-DNELs (wDNELs) presented by industry with the corresponding Swedish occupational exposure limits (OELs), and for a subset, with wDNELs derived by us. Our wDNELs were derived using toxicological evaluations published by the Swedish Criteria Group and our interpretation

of the REACH Guidance. On average, industry’s www.selleckchem.com/products/ON-01910.html wDNELs were the same as the Swedish OELs (median of wDNEL-OEL ratios: 0.98, n = 235). However, the variation was huge, the extremes being up to 450 times higher, and up to 230 times lower than the corresponding OEL. Nearly one-fifth of the wDNELs were = 2 times higher and one-third = 2 times lower than the OEL. No time trend was seen in the wDNEL/OEL ratios, suggesting that older OELs were not systematically higher than the more recent ones. Industry’s wDNELs Selleckchem Ilomastat varied widely and were generally higher (median 4.2 times, up to 435 times higher, down to 13 times lower, n = 23) also compared to our wDNELs.

Only five industry wDNELs were equal to or lower than ours. The choices of key studies, dose descriptors, and assessment factors all seemed to contribute to the discrepancies. We conclude that although the REACH guidance is detailed, many choices that will influence the wDNEL lack firm instructions. A major problem is that little advice is given on when and how to depart from default assessment factors.”
“Expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is believed to influence the process of these cells ‘homing’ back to the bone marrow post-transplantation, in response to the stromal cell-derived factor-1 gradient, followed by engraftment. The primary aim of this retrospective study was to compare reinfused CD34(+) cell dose, assessed from the fresh collection, with the post-thaw viable (v) CD34(+) and vCD34/CXCR4(+) dual positive cell dose as predictors of haematopoietic recovery in multiple myeloma patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation. Cryopreserved samples from stem cell collections of 27 myeloma patients were analysed for CD34 and CXCR4 expression and times to haematological engraftment measured.