As in https://www.selleckchem.com/products/xmu-mp-1.html maize kernels the greater part of phytic acid (and thus of metal ions) is concentrated in the embryo, its antioxidant action may

be of particular relevance in this crop.”
“Background- Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is the most common cardiac channelopathy with 15 elucidated LQTS-susceptibility genes. Approximately 20% of LQTS cases remain genetically elusive.

Methods and Results- We combined whole-exome sequencing and bioinformatic/systems biology to identify the pathogenic substrate responsible for nonsyndromic, genotype-negative, autosomal dominant LQTS in a multigenerational pedigree, and we established the spectrum and prevalence of variants in the elucidated gene among a cohort of 102 unrelated patients with “”genotype-negative/phenotype-positive”" LQTS. Whole-exome sequencing was used on 3 members within a genotype-negative/phenotype-positive family. Genomic triangulation combined with bioinformatic tools and ranking algorithms led to the identification of a CACNA1C mutation. This mutation, Pro857Arg-CACNA1C, cosegregated with the disease within the pedigree, was ranked by 3 disease-network algorithms

as the most probable LQTS-susceptibility gene and involves a conserved residue localizing to the proline, gltamic acid, serine, and threonine (PEST) domain in the II-III linker. Functional studies reveal that Pro857Arg-CACNA1C leads to a gain of function with increased I-Ca,I-L and increased surface membrane expression of the channel compared to wild type. Subsequent mutational analysis identified 3 additional variants within CACNA1C in our cohort Alvocidib chemical structure of 102 unrelated cases of

genotype-negative/phenotype-positive LQTS. Two of these variants also involve PF-3084014 conserved residues within Ca(v)1.2′s PEST domain.

Conclusions- This study provides evidence that coupling whole-exome sequencing and bioinformatic/systems biology is an effective strategy for the identification of potential disease-causing genes/mutations. The identification of a functional CACNA1C mutation cosegregating with disease in a single pedigree suggests that CACNA1C perturbations may underlie autosomal dominant LQTS in the absence of Timothy syndrome.”
“Large fragments of a transplanted lung from living lung recipients are rarely available. The case presented is that of a patient who underwent lingulectomy after a gunshot trauma. We describe the patchy panel of histological findings encountered in the resected specimen, ranging from normal lung to zones of acute and chronic rejection. Such contrasting findings have already been described, but should prompt us to exercise caution when interpreting histological results of routine transbronchial biopsies.”
“Background: This paper examines correlates of needle and other equipment sharing among injecting drug users (IDU) in regular heterosexual relationships.

Modifications of the fiber cross-section allow designing surface properties in yarn and fabric. However, the effect of profiled fibers on yarn properties has not been well documented yet. hi this article, the influence of different filament cross-section geometry on fiber

properties was studied. PET (polyethylene terepfithalate) filament yarns having two different crosssectional shaped filaments, circular and cruciform, were manufactured by melt spinning. Differences in tensile properties of filament yarn and as well as of individual filament depending on the cross-sectional type were studied and revealed. More over, thermal and therniomechaiiical properties of filament yarn of both the cross-sectioos were studied and revealed by DSC and TMA method, respectively. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, inc. J Appl Polym Sci 111: 805-812, 2009″
“Phytochemical investigation of the methylenechloride/methanol Selleck GSK923295 extract of the aerial parts of Stachys aegyptiaca afforded a new neoclerodane-type diterpene with a new side chain 1, in addition to two known diterpenes

2 and 3 and a known flavonoid glycoside 4. The structures of the compounds were determined by comprehensive NMR studies including DEPT, COSY, Liproxstatin-1 inhibitor NOESY, HMQC, HMBC and HR-MS.”
“Study Design. We performed a retrospective study of spinal roentgenograms of a large cohort of patients suffering from osteogenesis imperfecta.

Objective. To determine the prevalence

of vertebral pars defects (spondylolysis) in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta.

Summary of Background Data. Patients suffering from osteogenesis imperfecta are known to be prone to pathologic fractures. Pathologic fractures due to microtraumas, repetitive activities, and posture acting together on a congenitally weakened pars interarticularis may lead to vertebral pars defects. The prevalence of vertebral pars defects in patients with osteogenesis selleck compound imperfecta has never been studied before to our knowledge.

Methods. We performed a retrospective study of posterior-anterior and lateral, standing, roentgenograms of the spine of patients with osteogenesis imperfecta for the occurrence of vertebral pars interarticularis defects.

Results. The patients (5.3%) in our series showed vertebral pars defects, this is not significantly different from the prevalence of vertebral pars defects in the general population.

Conclusion. 5.3% of the patients with osteogenesis imperfecta showed vertebral pars defects, this does not differ significantly from the occurrence in the general population.”
“A bifunctional reactive surfactant containing a polymerizable methacrylate group and a benzophenone group, [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl](4-benzoylbenzyl)dimethylammonium bromide (MDAB), was synthesized to modify montmorillortite (MMT) for the preparation of nanocomposites via photoinduced polymerization.

We conducted a genome-wide linkage scan and positional candidate gene analysis to identify genetic determinants of potassium sensitivity.

Methods and Results-A total of 1906 Han Chinese participants took part in a 7-day high-sodium diet followed by a 7-day high-sodium plus potassium dietary intervention. BP measurements were obtained at baseline and after each intervention using a random-zero sphygmomanometer. Significant linkage signals (logarithm of odds [LOD] score, >3) for BP responses to potassium were

detected at chromosomal regions 3q24-q26.1, 3q28, and 11q22.3-q24.3. Maximum multipoint LOD scores of 3.09 at 3q25.2 and 3.41 at 11q23.3 were observed for absolute diastolic BP (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses, respectively. NCT-501 supplier Linkage peaks of 3.56 at 3q25.1 and 3.01 at 11q23.3 for percent DBP response and 3.22 at 3q25.2, Fludarabine cell line 3.01 at 3q28, and 4.48 at 11q23.3 for percent MAP response also were identified. Angiotensin II receptor, type 1 (AGTR1), single-nucleotide polymorphism rs16860760 in the 3q24-q26.1 region was significantly associated with absolute and percent systolic BP responses to potassium (P=0.0008

and P=0.0006, respectively). Absolute (95% CI) systolic BP responses for genotypes C/C, C/T, and T/T were -3.71 (-4.02 to -3.40), -2.62 (-3.38 to -1.85), and 1.03 (-3.73 to 5.79) mm Hg, respectively, and percent responses (95% CI) were -3.07 (-3.33 to -2.80), -2.07 (-2.74 to -1.41), and 0.90 (-3.20 to 4.99), respectively.

Similar trends were observed for DBP and MAP responses.

Conclusions-Genetic regions on chromosomes 3 and 11 may harbor important susceptibility loci for potassium sensitivity. Furthermore, the AGTR1 gene was a significant predictor of BP responses to potassium intake.”
“Initial sensitivity Selonsertib cost to nicotine’s effects during early exposure to tobacco may relate to dependence vulnerability. We examined the association of initial nicotine sensitivity with individual difference factors of sex, other drug use history (i.e. cross-tolerance or cross-sensitization), and parental smoking status in young adult nonsmokers (N=131). Participants engaged in 4 sessions, the first 3 to assess the dose-response effects of nasal spray nicotine (0, 5, 10 mu g/kg) on rewarding, mood, physiological, sensory processing, and performance effects, and the fourth to assess nicotine reinforcement using a choice procedure. Men had greater initial sensitivity than women to some self-reported effects of nicotine related to reward and incentive salience and to impairment in sensory processing, but Men and women did not differ on most other effects. Prior marijuana use was associated with greater nicotine reward, nicotine reinforcement was greater in men versus women among those with prior marijuana use, and having parents who smoked was related to increased incentive salience. However, history of other drug use and parental smoking were not otherwise associated with initial nicotine sensitivity.

Structural characterization of the copolymer and modified copolymer were carried out by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR). FTIR and (1)H NMR spectra confirmed that NA was successfully covalently bound onto the MAST copolymer backbone by both chemical and enzymatic methods. Surface morphology of the samples was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Results obtained indicated that chemical and enzymatic addition of NA to MAST backbone

yielded products having quite similar physical S3I-201 cost and chemical properties. On the other hand, MASTNA-modified copolymer synthesized by individual monomers appeared to be different in its chemical structure. Furthermore, enzymatic modification and synthesis appeared to provide a good alternative method because it required much milder conditions such as low temperature, and better product qualities: higher solubility in water, higher yield and purity. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 122: 2821-2828, 2011″
“In this paper, we demonstrate a phosphorescent organic light-emitting device (OLED) with enhanced current efficiency (in terms of cd/A) based on an oxadiazole (OXD) derivative as

the electron-transporting host of the emitting layer (EML) doped with a phosphorescent NCT-501 nmr dopant, iridium(III) bis[4,6-(di-fluorophenyl)-pyridinato-N, C2'] picolinate (FIrpic). The maximum current efficiency of OXD-based OLEDs was 13.0 cd/A. Compared to the Sonidegib research buy phosphorescent OLED with a conventional hole-transporting host, 1,3-bis(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (mCP) with 11.1 cd/A in maximum current efficiency, 17.2% improvement was achieved. However, in terms of external quantum efficiency (EQE), the OXD- and mCP-based OLEDs were 4.01 and 4.66%, respectively, corresponding to a 13.9% decrease. Such a discrepancy can be understood from the electroluminescence (EL)

variation. Contrary to the hole-transporting mCP, OXD exhibited electron transporting characteristics which shifted the recombination zone toward the anode. The optical interference effect result was that the relative intensity at long wavelengths (500-600 nm) was higher in the OXD-based OLED, which was more sensitive to the human eye and increased the current efficiency, even though the EQE was lower. Besides, in OXD-OLED, the recombination zone shifted toward the anode side with a high driving voltage, which was also deduced from the EL spectral variations. Under a high driving voltage, we observed the relative intensity of FIrpic emission ata longer wavelength increased which resulted from the optical interference effect, and emission from the hole-transporting layer increased. By using hole-transporting mCP and electron-transporting OXD as the hosts of double EML (DEML), the maximum current-efficiency and EQE of the optimized DEML-OLED further increases to 17.6 cd/A and 7.06%, which corresponds to improvements of 58.6% and 51.

3 +/- 1.2 mg/dL vs 5.7 +/- 1.4 mg/dL and 488 +/- 205 pg/ml vs 177 +/- 100 pg/ml respectively; p < 0.05) with decreasing of phosphate and potassium intake. No significant differences were found in the control group. No significant changes CA3 were observed in serum albumin, calcium, potassium, Kt/V, body weight

and body composition in both the intervention and control groups.

Conclusion: Dietary intake of phosphate mainly comes from protein sources, so dietary phosphorus restriction may lead to a protein/energy malnutrition in a dialysis patient. A phosphorus-controlled diet plan including a nutritional substitute resulted in serum phosphate and intact parathyroid hormone decrease without nutritional status modifications in dialysis patients. (C) 2010 Elsevier

B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Study Design: Retrospective review of a prospectively collected database.

Objective. Our objective was to assess the rates of postoperative wound infection associated with spine surgery.

Summary of Background Data. Although wound infection after spine surgery remains a common source of morbidity, estimates of its rates of occurrence remain relatively limited. The Scoliosis Research Society prospectively collects morbidity and mortality data from its members, including the occurrence of wound infection.

Methods. The Scoliosis Research Society morbidity and mortality database was queried for all reported spine surgery cases from 2004 to 2007. Cases were stratified based on factors including diagnosis, adult (>= 21 years) versus pediatric

(< 21 years), primary versus revision, click here selleck chemicals use of implants, and whether a minimally invasive approach was used. Superficial, deep, and total infection rates were calculated.

Results. In total, 108,419 cases were identified, with an overall total infection rate of 2.1% (superficial = 0.8%, deep = 1.3%). Based on primary diagnosis, total postoperative wound infection rate for adults ranged from 1.4% for degenerative disease to 4.2% for kyphosis. Postoperative wound infection rates for pediatric patients ranged from 0.9% for degenerative disease to 5.4% for kyphosis. Rate of infection was further stratified based on subtype of degenerative disease, type of scoliosis, and type of kyphosis for both adult and pediatric patients. Factors associated with increased rate of infection included revision surgery (P < 0.001), performance of spinal fusion (P < 0.001), and use of implants (P < 0.001). Compared with a traditional open approach, use of a minimally invasive approach was associated with a lower rate of infection for lumbar discectomy (0.4% vs. 1.1%; P < 0.001) and for transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (1.3% vs. 2.9%; P = 0.005).

Conclusion. Our data suggest that postsurgical infection, even among skilled spine surgeons, is an inherent potential complication.

The psychological processes influencing Selleck Liproxstatin-1 the use of protective equipment require

further investigation.”
“A characterization of 2D critical behavior in the classic 2D antiferromagnets K(2)NiF(4), Rb(2)MnF(4), and K(2)MnF(4) made originally by Birgeneau et al. [Phys. Rev. B 1, 2211 (1970)], using neutron scattering (NS), is used to review NMR data in these compounds and in some classic 2D ferromagnets. On analyzing the NMR data, very serious discrepancies were found between the NMR and NS results for the critical exponent beta, with the values of the NMR beta s being some 50% higher. Some novel results were also found, including 2D cases where beta = 0.33 (but characterized by a non-3D parameter, D similar to 1). The discrepancies surely need to be resolved, and if the present analysis of the NMR data is further validated, these results could present a clear and nontrivial hurdle for current critical-region theories. Additionally, from the NMR data it was found that the low-temperature behaviors of these classical 2D systems are at odds with the predictions of conventional spin-wave theory analyses. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3549596]“
“Purpose: To Bafilomycin A1 research buy report an updated, systematic review of medical literature from January 2003 to July 2008, on endovascular treatment (EVT) of intracranial unruptured aneurysms (UAs) (a) to assess the morbidity and case fatality rate of EVT of UAs,

(b) to understand how bias can affect results, and (c) to estimate the efficacy of EVT by using reported digital subtraction angiographic (DSA) results and clinical follow-up events.

Materials and Methods: This article was prepared in accordance with the Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic C59 Wnt mw Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The literature was searched by using PubMed and the EMBASE

and Cochrane Library databases. Eligibility criteria were (a) explicit procedural mortality and morbidity rates; (b) at least 10 patients; (c) saccular, intradural, nondissecting UAs; (d) original study published in English or French between January 2003 and July 2008; and (e) a methodological quality score higher than 6, according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology criteria. End points included procedural mortality and morbidity, defined as a modified Rankin scale score of 3-6 at 1 month, and efficacy, estimated by using immediate and follow-up digital subtraction angiographic results, as well as delayed hemorrhagic events.

Results: Seventy-one studies were included. Procedural unfavorable outcome was found in 4.8% (random-effect weighted average; 189 of 5044) of patients (99% confidence interval [CI]: 3.9%, 6.0%). Immediate angiographic results showed satisfactory occlusion in 86.1% (2660 of 3089) of UAs. Recurrences were shown in 321 (24.

The current article reviews the incidence, risk factors, and consequences of ganciclovir-associated hematologic adverse events in transplant recipients. Management strategies, including ganciclovir dose reduction, and the addition beta-catenin tumor of CMV hyperimmune globulin are discussed. Exposing this relatively frequently occurring, but uncommonly discussed, toxicity should lead to better avoidance and treatment strategies, without placing patients at increased risk of CMV disease.”
“The Green’s function formalism [see B. Baumeier , J. Opt. A, Pure Appl. Opt. 8, S191 (2006)] for calculating the reflection and transmission of light at etched single-groove gratings on both sides of a thin silver film was extended to study the case with

double-groove gratings. A splitting of surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) modes was found due to electromagnetic (EM) coupling between the two grooves in the complex unit cell of the grating. Spectral features corresponding to the split SPP branches (peaks in the transmissivity) were found in this system. In addition, the calculated full spatial distributions

of the total EM field were used to provide intuitive explanations for these observations by indicating the high-surface-field regions, the coupling between the two grooves in the same complex unit cell, and the cross coupling between the two nearby grooves located at the upper and lower surfaces of the metal film. The effects on the transmissivity and reflectivity due to changing the depth ratio, groove separation, and lattice constant were also highlighted. The split antisymmetrical SPP mode Ruboxistaurin datasheet due to EM coupling between the two grooves in the same complex unit cell, as well as the cross EM coupling between the two nonaligned grooves at the upper and lower surfaces, were found to be responsible for the large peaks found in the transmissivity.”
“Background

The Food and Drug Administration has approved the reconstitution of botulinum toxin A with preservative-free saline. Reconstitution of onabotulinumtoxinA with preserved saline has been previously reported to decrease the pain of injections. We present the first split-face study investigating differences in subjective pain when using preserved and preservative-free saline as the reconstituent Selleckchem Belinostat of choice for abobotulinumtoxinA. Objective To determine whether patients notice a difference in pain when injecting abobotulinumtoxinA diluted with preserved saline versus preservative-free saline. Materials and Methods A prospective, randomized, double-blind, side-by-side trial was conducted in a private practice dermatology office in Boulder, Colorado. Twenty volunteer patients received injections on one side of their face with abobotulinumtoxinA reconstituted with preservative-free saline and with abobotulinumtoxinA reconstituted with preserved saline on the other side. Patients reported their pain on a 10-point visual analogue pain scale after each side was injected.

3 +/- 9.6%) than in patients with improved pulmonary lesions (improved group; -9.2 +/- 28.6%, P = 0.0075). The diagnostic accuracy of RI-SUV in the persistent group was significantly greater than that of early SUV or Ga-67 uptake, and serum soluble IL-2 receptor showed

a significant correlation with RI-SUV.

Conclusions: RI-SUV showed better diagnostic accuracy compared with early SUV or Ga-67 uptake, in patients with persistent lung involvement at 1 year. It may be a useful measure of persistent inflammation in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis.”
“In this study, a simple model to simulate a uterine environment affected by subclinical endometritis was established by culturing isolated primary bovine uterine epithelial cells (pbUEC). Co-incubation of pbUEC and polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocytes derived from peripheral bovine blood samples, was performed before testing the cell culture supernatant for AZD6094 production of interleukin-8 (IL-8) via ELISA. Cytokine

secretion was only detectable after co-incubation of pbUEC with PMN, whereas neither EVP4593 pbUEC nor PMN alone generated IL-8 in relevant chemo attractive doses. Another objective was to examine the influence of bovine seminal plasma (SP) and vesicular gland fluid (VGF) on various functional parameters of PMN including cell viability, production of reactive oxygen species and chemotaxis. Analysis of these effects was conducted by flow cytometry. Viability of PMN was determined by staining the cells with propidium iodide. Seminal plasma was added to suspensions of PMN in increasing increments and resulted in a significant increase of cell membrane damaged PMN when using SP concentrations above 0.2%. The reactive oxygen www.selleckchem.com/products/Belinostat.html species production of PMN suspensions, stimulated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, was significantly decreased by 30% up to 90% when adding 0.06-30 parts per thousand of either SP or VGF. The PMN transmigration induced by IL-8 was diminished by 50% when 0.4 parts per thousand

of either SP or VGF were added. The results of this study indicate a potential regulatory impact of SP and VGF on inflammatory processes in the bovine uterus.”
“The aim of this study was to validate the safety and effectiveness of a new therapeutic procedure for the treatment of lower leg telangiectasia without clinical vein insufficiency. A group of 20 healthy women aged between 24 and 47 years (mean +/- sem 37.05 +/- 1.47) with lower leg telangiectasia without clinical vein insufficiency, previously investigated by echo colour Doppler sonography, were recruited and were treated with neodymium:YAG laser (mean +/- sem 2.5 +/- 0.11 sessions). Good or excellent results were obtained in 16 patients and the improvements were statistically significant (p < 0.01). Out of the 20 patients, 16 were satisfied with the procedure.

The results of this study provided useful information on the utilization of ion exchange resins as release modifiers in matrix systems.”
“Study Design. Cross-sectional study.

Objective. To investigate

the automatic balance correction related to anticipatory perturbation (AP) and quick backward perturbation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

Summary of Background Data. Most previous studies on AIS patients focused on posture sway and lacked analysis of muscle activated patterns in dynamic standing control.

Methods. Thirty-two AIS patients and 23 age-matched normal subjects received perturbation balance tests on an unstable platform. The tilting angle of the platform and the muscle MK-2206 manufacturer activity of the bilateral lumbar multifidi, gluteus medii, and gastrocnemii muscles were recorded. Electromyographic (EMG) amplitude, onset latencies, and duration were calculated with

software accompanied with machine.

Results. The AIS group had less posture see more tilting but higher muscle activities than normal subjects under both perturbation conditions (P < 0.05). Under the AP test, AIS showed earlier onset and prolonged activation of left multifidus and right gastrocnemius compared with normal subjects (P < 0.05). The latency of the multifidus on the lumbar convex side occurred earlier than on the concave side. However, the asymmetric onset timing of the gastrocnemius was the opposite of the multifidi in the AIS group (P < 0.05). In contrast to the AP condition, bilateral leg and trunk muscles activated at similar latencies and durations in the AIS group (P < 0.05). Under the quick backward perturbation test, the control group had longer active duration of right multifidus and bilateral gastrocnemii than AIS to cope with larger platform tilting. In addition, asymmetric onset of gluteus medii and duration of multifidi was observed in the control group

(P < 0.05).

Conclusion. There were significant differences in posture control patterns between AIS and normal subjects. AIS subjects have asymmetric habitual muscle activities Gilteritinib for AP, whereas when coping with sudden balance threats, they react with synchronized recruitment of bilateral postural muscles.”
“The purpose of this study was to resolve an anomalously high measure of extra-fine particle fraction (EPF) determined by the abbreviated cascade impactor possibly relevant for human respiratory tract (AIM-HRT) in the experiment described in Part 1 of this two-part series, in which the relative precision of abbreviated impactors was evaluated in comparison with a full resolution Andersen eight-stage cascade impactor (ACI).

It proved to be easily conducted with minimized complications. Further investigations are needed to confirm our results.”
“A new

oxyneolignan (rel-(7 alpha,8 beta)-3-methoxy-4′,7-epoxy-8,3′-oxyneolignan-4,9,9′-triol) with a scarce C(7)-O-C(4′) and C(8)-O-C(3′) epoxy linkage, along with eight known compounds, abieta-8,11,13-triene, sandaracopimara-8(14), 15-diene, 6,7-dehydroferruginol methyl ether, 18-hydroxydehydroabietane, sandaracopimara-8(14), 15-dien-18-ol, docosanol, sugiol and palmitic acid, were isolated from the chloroform-soluble fraction of the acetone extract from Juniperus brevifolia leaves. Their selleck chemical structures were established on the basis of the spectral evidences and direct comparison with values from literature data. (C) 2010 Phytochemical Society of Europe. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Vaccination

is a proven strategy for protection from disease. An ideal vaccine would include antigens that elicit a safe and effective protective immune response. HLA-restricted epitope vaccines, which include T-lymphocyte epitopes restricted by HLA alleles, represent a new and promising immunization approach. In recent years, research in HLA-restricted epitope vaccines SBE-β-CD for the treatment of tumors and for the prevention of viral, bacterial, and parasite-induced infectious diseases have achieved substantial progress. Approaches for the improvement of the immunogenicity of epitope vaccines include (1) improving the accuracy of the methods used for the prediction of epitopes, (2) making use of additional HLA-restricted CD8(+) T-cell epitopes, (3) the inclusion of specific CD4(+) T-cell epitopes, (4) adding B-cell epitopes to the vaccine construction, (5) finding more effective adjuvants and delivery systems, (6) using immunogenic carrier proteins, and (7) using multiple

proteins as epitopes sources. In this manuscript, we review recent research into HLA-restricted epitope vaccines.”
“Diabetes impairs the resolution of periodontal inflammation. We explored pathways altered by inflammation in the diabetic periodontium by using ligatures to induce periodontitis in type-2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki Proteasome inhibitor drugs rats. Ligatures were removed after 7 days, and rats were then treated with TNF inhibitor (pegsunercept) or vehicle alone and euthanized 4 days later. RNA was extracted from periodontal tissue, examined by mRNA profiling, and further analyzed by functional criteria. We found that 1,754 genes were significantly up-regulated and 1,243 were down-regulated by pegsunercept (p < 0.05). Functional analysis revealed up-regulation of neuron-associated and retina-associated gene clusters as well as those related to cell activity and signaling.