“
“The widely used hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine is based on three doses of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) protein. We previously showed that vectored measles viruses (MV) expressing HBsAg retain measles vaccine function

in monkeys but do not induce a protective anti-HBs response in all animals. We show here that a single dose of HBsAg protein following a three-dose vaccination regimen with an optimized HBsAg-expressing MV elicits protective anti-HBs responses in all four vaccinated Rhesus monkeys. Vaccination strategies coupling the effective, long-term immunity elicited by the high-coverage MV vaccine to prophylactic HBV immunity are discussed.”
“Many species use chemical signals to convey information relevant to social and reproductive status between members of the same species (conspecific), but some chemical signals may also provide information to another species (heterospecific). Both of these types of complex chemical Sotrastaurin purchase signals may be detected by the vomeronasal organ, which sends projections to the accessory olfactory bulb and on to the medial amygdala. Previous reports in hamster and mouse suggest that the medial amygdala sorts this complex chemosensory information categorically, according to its biological relevance (salience). In the present set of experiments, male mice having undergone vomeronasal removal surgery (VNX) or a sham-operation (SHAM)

EPZ-6438 research buy were exposed to conspecific (male and female mouse urine) or heterospecific (hamster vaginal fluid and worn cat collar) chemical stimuli. Similarly to our previous report with intact male mice [Samuelsen and Meredith

(2009) Brain Res 1263:33-42], SHAM mice exhibit different immediate early gene (IEG) expression patterns in the medial amygdala dependent GDC-0449 mouse upon the biological relevance of the chemical stimuli. However, regardless of biological relevance, vomeronasal organ removal eliminates all responses in the medial amygdala to any of the chemical stimuli. Interestingly, VNX also disrupts the avoidance of (an unfamiliar) predator odor, worn cat collar. Here we show that the medial amygdala response to the tested chemical signals is dependent upon an intact vomeronasal organ. (C) 2009 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis is used by many laboratories to study the quasispecies distribution of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Here we question the validity of this experimental approach, as conclusions are drawn from the analysis of the migration patterns of two ssDNA molecules and not from RNA. Using previously characterized mutants of the HCV 5′ untranslated regions, we show that contrary to what has been predicted, SSCP migration patterns of DNA amplicons with differences in their nucleotide sequences generated from the full 5′ UTR of HCV are not necessarily unique.

“
“Previous whole-cell patch-pipette studies showed that focal electrical stimulation of the subthalamic

nucleus (STN) evokes a long-lasting complex excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSC) and synaptically evoked bursts of action potentials in substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) neurons. Although synaptically evoked bursting may play a role in normal physiology, selleck kinase inhibitor excessive burst firing correlates with symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. We used patch-pipette recordings in rat brain slices to study the effects of baclofen on complex EPSCs and STN-induced burst firing in SNR neurons. Baclofen (1 mu M) caused a reversible, 73% reduction in complex EPSCs, and this effect was blocked by the gamma-aminobutyric acid(B) antagonist CGP35348 (100 mu M). Using the loose-patch method to record extracellular potentials, a lower concentration of baclofen (100 nM) inhibited STN-evoked bursts, while leaving spontaneous firing of action potentials less affected. We suggest AZ 628 that strategies that selectively inhibit burst firing in the SNR might have therapeutic potential in the

treatment of Parkinson’s disease. NeuroReport 23:40-44 (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Next-generation sequencing offers an unprecedented opportunity to jointly analyze cellular and viral transcriptional activity without prerequisite knowledge of the nature of the transcripts. SupT1 cells were infected with a vesicular stomatitis virus G envelope protein (VSV-G)-pseudotyped HIV vector. At 24 h postinfection, both cellular and viral transcriptomes were analyzed by serial analysis of gene expression followed by high-throughput sequencing (SAGE-Seq).

Read mapping resulted in 33 to 44 AZD5582 manufacturer million tags aligning with the human transcriptome and 0.23 to 0.25 million tags aligning with the genome of the HIV-1 vector. Thus, at peak infection, 1 transcript in 143 is of viral origin (0.7%), including a small component of antisense viral transcription. Of the detected cellular transcripts, 826 (2.3%) were differentially expressed between mock-and HIV-infected samples. The approach also assessed whether HIV-1 infection modulates the expression of repetitive elements or endogenous retroviruses. We observed very active transcription of these elements, with 1 transcript in 237 being of such origin, corresponding on average to 123,123 reads in mock-infected samples (0.40%) and 129,149 reads in HIV-1-infected samples (0.45%) mapping to the genomic Repbase repository. This analysis highlights key details in the generation and interpretation of high-throughput data in the setting of HIV-1 cellular infection.”
“Abnomalities of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) are thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder, but structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) studies have reported variable findings.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantify two novel and potentially useful analytes, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and Axl receptor tyrosine kinase (Axl).

Results: The mean concentration of sICAM-1 and Axl was 85 and 482 times higher separately in 30 healthy AF samples than in 110 CVF samples of normal pregnancies. Comparing 110 CVF samples of PROM/Preterm PROM with 110 CVF samples of normal pregnancies, the diagnostic value for PROM was demonstrated by their high sensitivity and specificity (96.4 and 4EGI-1 datasheet 92.7%, respectively, for sICAM-1, and 92.4 and 90.4%, respectively, for Axl).

Conclusions and clinical relevance: The results indicate that sICAM-1 and Axl

in AF leaked to vagina are sensitive and specific biomarkers for the diagnosis

of PROM. Furthermore, sICAM-1 or Axl can be developed into a rapid strip test for bedside use.”
“Until fairly recently, experience with advanced endovascular technologies, including fenestrated endovascular repair (FEVAR), has been limited to a relatively small number of practitioners worldwide. Excellent outcomes have been achieved by these accomplished surgeons who, at least initially, have primarily used custom-made devices constructed by a single endograft manufacturer. Access to this technology has been limited by the skills necessary for such procedures and by the customization process with industry partners. However, several issues are changing rapidly with FEVAR. Increasing numbers of surgeons now have the necessary endovascular skills, and off-the-shelf endografts from several manufacturers selleck have become, or are becoming, available. Also, the regulatory landscape Calpain is changing with device approval in the United States. Surgeons and patients alike are anticipating the widespread adoption of this advanced technology that

will surely benefit increasing numbers of patients. Or will it? Will widespread adoption in a larger number of smaller-volume hospitals, by less experienced surgeons, result in poor patient outcomes, or will excellent results continue with more patients benefitting from these technologic advances? These are important questions to ask before such adoption and are the subject of this debate. (J Vasc Surg 2013;57:875-83.)”
“Purpose: Chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) remains the leading cause of renal graft loss after the first year following renal transplantation. This study aimed to identify novel urinary proteomic profiles, which could distinguish and predict CAN in susceptible individuals.

Experimental design: The study included 34 renal transplant patients with histologically proven CAN and 36 patients with normal renal transplant function. High-throughput proteomic profiles were generated from urine samples with three different ProteinChip arrays by surface-enhanced laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS).

DSP-4 significantly reduced the hot-plate latency and norepinephrine contents especially in the coerulean regions. However, DSP-4 did not change tail-flick latency. There are significant correlations of the latency in the hot-plate test with norepinephrine contents in the cerebral cortex (r = 0.432, p = 0.022), the hippocampus (r = 0.465, p = 0.013) and the pons (r = 0.400, p = 0.035) but not with those in the hypothalamus and the spinal cord. As response to hot-plate and tail-flick implies supra-spinal process and spinal reflex, respectively, central neuropathic pain may be facilitated by DSP-4 depleting LC-noradrenergic

neurons although the present data are preliminary. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: We investigated the clinical diagnosis and treatment features of bilateral renal calculi in young

children who ingested melamine tainted infant milk selleck chemicals llc formula.

Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed clinical data on 50 children (mean +/- SE age 23.4 +/- 3.1 months) with a history of ingesting melamine tainted infant milk formula and suffering from bilateral renal calculi. All patients underwent ultrasound and renal function evaluation. Treatment included cessation of melamine tainted formula consumption, hydration, urine basification and hemodialysis if necessary.

Results: Bilateral renal calculi peaked in 6 to 18-month-olds (58% of

cases). The male-to-female ratio was 3.1:1.0. Calculi ranged in diameter from 4 to 10 mm in 33 patients (66%) and 2.5 to Repotrectinib 4 mm in 17 (34%). Of the 11 patients with renal failure 8 underwent 1 to 4 sessions of hemodialysis. Of the 9 bilateral obstruction cases with renal failure 8 did not require surgical intervention but 1 required ureteral catheterization to drain the renal pelvis. ACY-738 mouse All children experienced a good outcome and were discharged home after a mean +/- SE hospitalization of 8.1 +/- 0.7 days.

Conclusions: Melamine related urinary calculi were most often seen in patients 6 to 18 months old. Conservative management has been sufficient in most cases. However, these children need to be monitored for long-term effects of melamine tainted milk formula consumption.”
“Taurine is one of the most abundant free amino acids in excitable tissues. In the brain, extracellular taurine may act as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, and neuroprotector. Nucleotides are ubiquitous signaling molecules that play crucial roles for brain function. The inactivation of nucleotide-mediated signaling is controlled by ectonucleotidases, which include the nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) family and ecte-5′-nucleotidase. These enzymes hydrolyze ATP/GTP to adenosine/guanosine, which exert a modulatory role controlling several neurotransmitter systems.

Conclusion: PM was not renoprotective in AN. By contrast, renal damage was aggravated when PM was combined with ACEi. Despite the fact that there is no current evidence that these findings apply to the drug as used in human diabetic nephropathy, we emphasize the importance of close monitoring of blood pressure, lipids and possible direct toxic effects in future studies with PM in renal patients, especially when combining PM with ACEi. Copyright (C) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Impairment of cholinergic

neurotransmission is a well-established fact in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) but there is controversy about its relevance at the early stages of the disease. In the recent years new techniques for in vivo imaging of key components of the cholinergic system in humans have developed.

They HDAC inhibitor are beginning to be CAL-101 chemical structure applied to the very early stages of AD. Preliminary results suggest that there is early impairment of presynaptic receptors and acetylcholine esterase, the main degrading enzyme for acetylcholine, in cerebral cortex. The relation of these findings to neuronal function and post-mortem findings is being discussed. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“We investigated whether mortality risk factors are gender dependent in haemodialysis patients. Patients (n = 230; 118 women, 112 men) on haemodialysis were followed for 52 months to assess the incidence of death due to cardiovascular or non-cardiovascular causes. Survival was compared by Cox regression analysis using age, diabetes, pre-existing coronary disease, troponin T and NU7026 C-reactive protein as covariates. In total, 120 participants (52.2%) died within the 52 months of follow-up: 57 patients died of cardiovascular disease, 35 patients died of infectious diseases. Cox regression revealed that age, pre-existing coronary heart disease and troponin T were independent all-cause mortality risk factors for both sexes. Analyzing men and women separately revealed that diabetes

and C-reactive protein seemed to be a stronger risk factors for all-cause mortality in women. Cardiovascular mortality was predicted by troponin T in women (relative risk = 5.16, 95% CI: 1.67-15.88; p = 0.004), but not in men (relative risk = 1.69; 95% CI: 0.72-3.96; p = 0.23). Our study showed for the first time that the impact of risk factors in predicting death due to cardiovascular disease is clearly gender dependent. Copyright (C) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), a promising technique for measuring brain activities during rest, has attracted much attention in the past few years. In this paper, we review recent progress on the study of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) based on resting-state fMRI. First, we briefly introduce some AD-related studies from other groups.

“
“Diabetic Subjects exhibit low levels of nitric oxide (NO), its precursor Z-IETD-FMK in vitro L-arginine, and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in tissues like endothelium and kidney. In view of this, we speculated that gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction in diabetes could be related to similar changes in NO turnover in GI tissues. Hence the studies were carried out in rats after eight weeks of streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia, wherein the GI functions were assessed in terms of gastric emptying and intestinal transit using barium sulfate semisolid

test meal, and the levels of L-arginine and NO in pylorus and ileum were estimated, respectively, by HPLC and amperometry. The results revealed that diabetic group exhibited significant delay in gastric emptying and intestinal transit, and the pylorus and ileum tissues had significantly low levels of NO and L-arginine. Daily treatment of non-diabetic rats with NOS inhibitor [N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10 mg/kg/day, p.o.)] for eight weeks produced similar delay in gastric emptying and intestinal transit with associated

Metabolism inhibitor low levels of NO in GI tissues. Daily supplementation of L-arginine (100 mg/kg, p.o.) for eight weeks to diabetic and NOS inhibitor treated non-diabetic group was found to restore the gastric emptying and intestinal transit and improved the levels of NO in GI tissues. The findings indicate that diabetes-induced L-arginine deficiency and consequent low levels of NO in GI tissues could be possible cause for the GI dysfunction,

and L-arginine supplementation can prevent the same. However, extensive clinical investigations are necessary to recommend the use of L-arginine for the treatment of GI dysfunctions in diabetes. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background. It is unclear if physical activity (PA) can prevent or reverse frailty. We examined different doses and types of PA and their association with the onset and severity of frailty.

Methods. Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) study participants (N = 2,964) were followed for 5 years, with frailty defined as a gait speed of less than 0.60 m/s Taselisib mw and/or inability to rise from a chair without using one’s arms. Individuals with one impairment were considered moderately frail and those with both severely frail. We examined PA doses of volume and intensity, activity types (eg, lifestyle vs exercise activities), and their associations with incident frailty and transition to severe frailty in those who became frail.

Results. Adjusted models indicated that sedentary individuals had significantly increased odds of developing frailty compared with the exercise active group (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-2.01), whereas the lifestyle active did not. Number of diagnoses was the strongest predictor of incident frailty.

(C) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: Endoscopic radial artery harvesting remarkably improves cosmetic results after coronary artery bypass Selleckchem CH5183284 surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate neurologic sequelae of the donor arm compared with those occurring after the conventional harvesting technique.

Methods: Fifty-three patients who had undergone endoscopic radial artery harvesting were followed up 1 year after the coronary artery bypass operation by means of questionnaire analysis and clinical neurologic investigation (ENDO group). Fifty-three patients who had conventional radial artery harvesting

during the same time frame served as control subjects (OPEN group).

Results: Postoperative wound revision was required in 4 patients of the OPEN group (P = .045 vs the ENDO group). Neurologic symptoms of the donor arm were present in 22 (OPEN group) versus 34 (ENDO group) patients (P = .020): a lesion of the superficial radial nerve was shown in 12 (OPEN group) versus 24 (ENDO) patients (P = .014), and a lesion of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve occurred only in the control group in 12 patients (P < .001). Paraesthesia without impaired sensibility was present in 3 (OPEN group) versus 10 (ENDO group) patients (P = .038). Clinical investigation revealed that temperature, pain, and touch sensation, as well as spatial discrimination,

were equally impaired in symptomatic patients, NSC23766 molecular weight whereas vibration sensation was not affected.

Conclusion: After endoscopic radial artery harvesting, impaired Cell Cycle inhibitor sensibility in the region of the superficial radial nerve and paresthesia are more frequent than after the open procedure. However, in contrast to the sequelae of the open procedure, wound revision and injury of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve did not occur. Because of the excellent cosmetic results and avoidance of wound complications, we have opted to use endoscopic radial artery harvesting as the technique of choice, despite the higher incidence of sensory disturbances.”
“Transient global cerebral ischemia

causes delayed neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region. It also induces an increase in cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), which generates several metabolites of arachidonic acid, known as prostanoids, including prostacyclin (PGI(2)). To determine the role of the PGI(2) receptor (IP) in post-ischemic delayed cell death, wild-type and IP knockout (IP-/-) C57BI/6 mice were subjected to 12-min bilateral common carotid artery occlusion or sham surgery, followed by 7 days of reperfusion. In the sham-operated mice, no statistical difference in CA1 hippocampal neuronal density was observed between the wildtype (2836 +/- 18/mm(2)) and IP-/- (2793 +/- 43/mm(2)) mice. Interestingly, in animals subjected to ischemia, surviving neuronal density in wild-type mice decreased to 50.5 +/- 7.9% and that of IP-/- mice decreased to 23.0 +/- 4.

The Gsk3 beta inhibitor, 1-azakenpaullone (1-AKP), was administered to c-Kit(Wv/+) and c-Kit(+/+) mice for 2 weeks, whereby alterations in glucose metabolism were examined and morphometric analyses were performed. A significant reduction in phosphorylated Akt was observed in the islets of c-Kit(Wv/+) mice (P<0.05) along with a decrease in phosphorylated Gsk3 beta (P<0.05), PS-341 manufacturer and cyclin D1 protein level (P<0.01) when compared with c-Kit(+/+) mice. However, c-Kit(Wv/+) mice that received 1-AKP treatment demonstrated normal fasting blood glucose with significantly improved glucose tolerance. 1-AKP-treated c-Kit(Wv/+) mice also

showed increased beta-catenin, cyclin D1 and Pdx-1 levels

in islets, demonstrating that inhibition of Gsk3 beta activity led to increased beta-cell proliferation and insulin secretion. These data suggest that c-Kit(Wv/+) male mice had alterations in the Akt/Gsk3 beta signaling pathway, which lead to beta-cell dysfunction by decreasing Pdx-1 and cyclin D1 levels. Inhibition of Gsk3 beta could prevent the onset of diabetes by improving glucose tolerance and beta-cell function. Laboratory Investigation (2012) 92, 543-555; doi:10.1038/labinvest.2011.200; published online 16 January 2012″
“Valproic acid (VPA), a branched short-chain fatty acid, is generally used as an antiepileptic drug and a mood stabilizer. VPA is a relatively safe drug, but Selleckchem Epacadostat its use in higher concentrations is associated with idiosyncratic neurotoxicity. Investigations involving cerebral cortex and cerebellum can shed light on whether neurotoxicity induced by branched

chain fatty acids like VPA is mediated by oxidative stress. The aim of our investigation was to evaluate the neurotoxic potential of VPA by using preparation of cerebral cortex and cerebellum of young rats as an in vitro model. Oxidative stress indexes such as lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyl (PC) formation were evaluated to visualize whether the first LGX818 molecular weight line of defence was breached. The levels of oxidative stress markers, LPO and PC were significantly elevated. Non-enzymatic antioxidants’ effect was also demonstrated as a significant depletion in reduced glutathione (GSH) and non-protein thiol activity (NP-SH), but there was no significant increase or decrease in the concentrations of total thiol (T-SH) and protein thiol (P-SH). VPA also showed significant reduction in the activities of glutathione metabolizing enzymes such as glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and other antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) in cerebellum and cerebral cortex. A significant elevation was also observed in the activity of xanthine oxidase (XO).

3%) were positive for at least one herpesvirus. Only one

exhaled breath condensate specimen was positive for HCMV DNA (and positive also in the bronchoalveolar lavage, with low viral load in both specimens); while no other patient, irrespective of the viral load in any specimen or the presence of clinical symptoms and signs, had a positive exhaled breath condensate.

These findings seem to exclude the suitability of exhaled breath condensate for non-invasive detection of viral DNA in the respiratory DMH1 order tract of lung transplant recipients. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical feasibility of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) for the evaluation of peripheral nerves in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP).

Using a 3-T magnetic resonance imaging scanner, we obtained DTI scans of the tibial nerves of 10 CIDP patients and 10 sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers. We prepared fractional anisotropy (FA) maps, measured the FA values of tibial nerves, and compared these values in the two study QNZ mouse groups. In nine patients, we also performed tibial nerve conduction studies and analyzed the correlation between the FA values and parameters of the nerve conduction study.

The tibial nerve FA values in CIDP patients (median 0.401, range 0.312-0.510)

were significantly lower than those in healthy volunteers (median 0.530, range 0.469-0.647) (Mann-Whitney test, p < 0.01). They were significantly

correlated with the amplitude of action potential (Spearman correlation coefficient, p = 0.04, r = 0.86) but not with nerve conduction velocity (p = 0.79, r = 0.11).

Our preliminary data suggest that the noninvasive DTI assessment of peripheral nerves may provide useful information in patients with CIDP.”
“The early detection of pandemic influenza strains is a key factor for clinicians in treatment decisions and infection Ganetespib control practices. The aims of this study were to determine the analytical sensitivity and clinical performance of the commercially available influenza rapid tests in Taiwan. Four rapid tests for influenza virus (BinaxNow test, QuickVue test, TRU test, and Formosa Rapid test) were evaluated for their detection limit against four influenza viruses (the 2009 pandemic influenza A virus H1N1, seasonal influenza virus H1N1, H3N2, and influenza B virus) circulating in Taiwan. The viral load of these isolates were quantified by rtRT-PCR and then diluted 2-fold serially for the comparison. The lowest detectable viral load of the pandemic influenza A virus H1N1 by the Formosa Rapid test, QuickVue test, TRU test, and Binax Now test was 5.3 x 10(4), 1.0 x 10(5), 1.0 x 10(5), and 4.2 x 10(5) copies/mu l, respectively.

(C) 2013 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“YidC of Escherichia coli belongs to the evolutionarily conserved Oxa1/Alb3/YidC family. Members of the family have all been implicated in membrane protein biogenesis of respiratory and energy transducing proteins. The number of proteins identified thus far to require YidC for their membrane biogenesis remains limited and the identification

of new substrates may allow find more the elucidation of properties that define the YidC specificity. To this end we investigated changes in the membrane proteome of E. coli upon YidC depletion using metabolic labeling of proteins with (15)N/(14)N combined with a MS-centered proteomics approach and compared the effects of click here YidC depletion under aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions. We found that YidC depletion resulted in protein aggregation/misfolding in the cytoplasm as well as in the inner membrane

of E. coli. A dramatic increase was observed in the chaperone-mediated stress response upon YidC depletion and this response was limited to aerobically grown cells. A number of transporter proteins were identified as possible candidates for the YidC-dependent insertion and/or folding pathway. These included the small metal ion transporter CorA, numerous ABC transporters, as well as the MFS transporters KgtP and ProP, providing a new subset of proteins potentially requiring YidC for membrane biogenesis.”
“Purpose: We describe the etiology, presentation, treatment and outcomes of men diagnosed with an acquired urethral diverticulum.

Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the records of men with an acquired urethral diverticulum in an 11-year period (2000 to 2011) at a tertiary care reconstructive practice. Patient demographics, history,

presentation, anatomical details such as diverticulum size and location, management and outcomes were recorded. Technical success was defined as unobstructed urination without urinary tract infection.

Results: A total of 22 men with an acquired urethral diverticulum MG-132 mouse were included in analysis. Median age at presentation was 48.5 years (range 18 to 86). Most commonly, patients presented with recurrent urinary tract infection, urinary dribbling, incontinence or a weak urinary stream. Of the 22 men 12 (54.5%) underwent urethral diverticulectomy and urethroplasty, 3 (13.5%) underwent ileal conduit urinary diversion and 7 (32%) were treated nonoperatively. Select cases were managed conservatively when the urethral diverticulum was confirmed in a nonobstructed urethra, it was small or asymptomatic and it could be manually emptied after voiding. At a mean followup of 2.3 years there was a 91% urethral diverticulum recurrence-free rate.