As is the case for all retroviruses, the provirus is inserted into the

host DNA, where nucleosomes Elacridar mw are deposited to ensure efficient packaging. Nucleosomes act as roadblocks in transcription, making it difficult for RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to proceed toward the 3 ‘ end of the genome. Because of this, a variety of chromatin remodelers can act to modify nucleosomes, allowing for efficient transcription. While a number of covalent modifications are known to occur on histone tails in HTLV-1 infection (i.e., histone acetyltransferases [HATs], histone deacetylases [HDACs], and histone methyltransferases [HMTs]), evidence points to the use of chromatin remodelers that use energy from ATP hydrolysis to remodel nucleosomes. Here we confirm that BRG1, which is the core subunit of eight chromatin-remodeling complexes, is essential not only for Tax transactivation but also for viral replication. This is especially evident when wild-type infectious clones of HTLV-1 are used. BRG1 associates with Tax at the HTLV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR), and coexpression of BRG1 and Tax results in increased

rates of transcription. The interaction of BRG1 with Tax additionally recruits the basal transcriptional machinery and removes Fedratinib concentration some of the core histones from the nucleosome at the start site (Nuc 1). When using the BRG1-deficient cell lines SW13, C33A, and TSUPR1, we observed little viral transcription and no viral replication. Importantly, while these three cell lines do not express Liothyronine Sodium detectable levels of BRG1, much of the SWI/SNF complex remains assembled in the cells. Knockdown of BRG1 and associated SWI/SNF subunits suggests that the BRG1-utilizing SWI/SNF complex PBAF is responsible for HTLV-1 nucleosome remodeling. Finally, HTLV-1 infection of cell lines with a knockdown in BRG1 or the PBAF complex results in a significant reduction in viral production. Overall, we concluded that BRG1 is required for Tax transactivation and

HTLV-1 viral production and that the PBAF complex appears to be responsible for nucleosome remodeling.”
“Life choices (e.g., occupational choice) often include situations with two or more possible correct answers, thereby putting us in a situation of conflict. Recent reports have described that the evaluation of conflict might be crucially mediated by neural activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), although the reduction of conflict might rather be associated with neural activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). What remains unclear is whether these regions mutually interact, thereby raising the question of their functional connectivity during conflict situations.

Urinary variables were measured in a 24-hour collection in a subgroup of patients.

Results: Under untreated conditions (baseline) urinary stone disease was independent of celiac disease presentation and more prevalent in patients with celiac disease than in a population sample used as a control (608 and 3,540, 7.9% and 5.0%, sex and age adjusted odds

ratio 4.0, 95% Cl 2.7-5.9). Excluding from analysis individuals with baseline urinary stone disease, the incidence of urinary stone disease history was not significantly different between the treated celiac disease (gluten-free diet) and control population selleck (458 and 3,003, 2.4% vs 3.9%). The urine of untreated patients with celiac disease differed from that of healthy volunteers with 120% higher oxalate and 43% lower calcium (in 45 and 45, p <0.001). A gluten-free diet corrected urinary abnormalities

(p <0.01).

Conclusions: Urinary stone disease BMS-777607 in vitro risk is high in untreated patients with celiac disease independent of overt malabsorption. Hyperoxaluria is likely the underlying disorder. A gluten-free diet reduces urinary stone disease risk and oxaluria.”
“Purpose: We report our experience with robotic reconstruction for recurrent supratrigonal vesicovaginal fistulas and its outcome.

Materials and Methods: From August 2006 to October 2007 we treated 7 cases of recurrent supratrigonal vesicovaginal fistula. Salient features of our technique are 1) vaginoscopy and cystoscopy with bilateral Double-J (R) stent or ureteral catheter placement and placement of a catheter through the fistula from vagina to bladder, 2) patient positioning in a low lishotomy position with a 60-degree Trendelenburg tilt and a 5-port transperitoneal approach, 3) www.selleck.co.jp/products/Paclitaxel(Taxol).html peritoneoscopy and adhesiolysis with minimal posterior

cystotomy encircling the fistulous opening, 4) mobilization of the bladder and vaginal flaps to allow tension-free closure, 5) excision of the fistulous rim, 6) bladder and vaginal edge freshening, 7) bladder and vaginal closure, omental, peritoneal or sigmoid epiploic tissue interposition and 9) insertion of a Foley catheter and drain. Difficulty was primarily noted with regard to the safe establishment of pneumoperitoneum, the need for extensive adhesiolysis, dissection of the fistula from perifistulous fibrosis in close vicinity to the ureteral opening, tension-free closure of the larger defect and occasional absence of omentum for use as interposition tissue.

Results: The average size of supratrigonal fistulas was 3.0 cm. Mean operative time was 141 minutes (range 110 to 160). Mean blood loss was 90 cc. No significant intraoperative or postoperative complications were observed. Mean hospital stay was 3 days. The catheter was removed 14 days postoperatively. All patients had a successful outcome.

1%, 2.4%, and 7.3%, respectively, for esophagectomy. Compared with breast cancer, the incidence of VTE ranged from a 1.31-fold increase in VTE associated with gastrectomy selleck inhibitor (95% confidence interval, 0.73-2.37; P = .4) to a 2.68-fold increase associated with hysterectomy (95% confidence interval, 1.43-5.01; P = .002). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that inpatient status,

steroid use, advanced age (>= 60 years), morbid obesity (body mass index >= 35), blood transfusion, reintubation, cardiac arrest, postoperative infectious complications, and prolonged hospitalization were independently associated with increased risk of VTE.

Conclusions: The incidence of VTE and thromboembolic complications associated with cancer surgery varies substantially. These findings suggest that both tumor type and resection magnitude may impact

VTE risk. Accordingly, such data support diagnosis and procedural-specific guidelines for perioperative VTE prophylaxis and can be used to anticipate the risk of potentially preventable morbidity. (J Vasc Surg 2012;55:1035-41.)”
“Transplantation of cultured olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) into lesions can promote axonal regeneration. However, the acutely injured CNS environment affects the survival and proliferation of OECs which might impair its therapy effects. To investigate whether alpha-crystallin Paclitaxel research buy can promote the survival and proliferation of OECs, OECs were cultured with alpha-crystallin. The survival of OECs was assessed by counting the numbers of p75-labeled OECs. Cellular proliferative activity was estimated by flow cytometry and quantification of BrdU-labeled cells. Phosphorylated p85, Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) were detected when OECs were culture for 7 days. Our results showed that the numbers of p75-labeled or Brdu-labeled OECs in alpha-crystallin group were much more than that in control group. And alpha-crystallin increased

the phosphorylation of both p85,Akt and mTOR. LY294002 abrogated the ability of alpha-crystallin to phosphorylate Akt and mTOR, and decreased the percentage of cells in S and G2/M stage which were treated with alpha-crystallin. These findings indicated that alpha-crystallin positively regulated the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and promote the proliferation and survival of cultured OECs. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights Pregnenolone reserved.”
“Ca(2+) plays a critical role as second messenger in the signal-response coupling of plant defence responses, and methyl-jasmonate and methyl-salicylate are important components of signal transduction cascades activating plant defences. When intact axenic non-induced seedling roots of sunflower were treated with different Ca(2+) concentrations up to 1 mM, there was no significant increase in O (2) (.-) generation or DMAB-MBTH peroxidase (extracellular, ECPOX) activities in the apoplast, probably because these roots had enough Ca(2+) in their exo- and endocellular reservoirs.

This review focuses on the role of insulin signaling in regulating DA homeostasis and DA signaling, and the potential impact of impaired insulin signaling in obesity and psychostimulant abuse.

This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘Synaptic Plasticity and Addiction’. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Cocaine-induced

plasticity of mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) neurons, originating in the ventral tegmental area (WA), persists in the absence of cocaine and may contribute to both drug-craving and relapse. Glutamate AMPA receptors click here (AMPARs) in these neurons are implicated in this plasticity. However, there is no ultrastructural evidence that the absence of cocaine following repeated administrations affects the critical surface/synaptic availability of AMPAR GluR1 subunits in either DA or non-DA, putative GABAergic neurons within the VIA. To assess this, we used electron microscopic immunolabeling in the VTA of adult male mice sacrificed at 30 min or 72 h after receiving the final of six (15 mg/kg) cocaine injections, a dosing Selleckchem FK506 paradigm that resulted in development of locomotor sensitization. At each time point, both cocaine- and saline-injected mice showed AMPAR GluR1 immunogold labeling in somatodendritic profiles, many of which contained immunoperoxidase labeling for the DA-synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). At 30 min after the last

injection, when cocaine was systemically present, only the non-TH labeled dendrites showed a significant increase Loperamide in the synaptic/plasmalemmal density of GluR1 immunogold particles. At 72 h, when systemic cocaine was depleted, synaptic GluR1 labeling was greatly enhanced in TH-containing dendrites throughout the VTA and in non-TH dendrites of the limbic-associated paranigral

VTA. Our results demonstrate that systemic cocaine produces GluR1 trafficking specifically in non-DA neurons of the VFA, which may subsequently contribute to the abstinent-induced enhancement of AMPA receptor synaptic transmission in mesocorticolimbic DA neurons leading to heightened drug seeking behavior.

This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘Synaptic Plasticity and Addiction’. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background. Although physical activity has substantial health benefits and reduces mortality, few studies have examined its impact on survival beyond age 75.

Methods. Using the population-based Leisure World Cohort Study, we explored the association of activity on all-cause mortality in older adults (median age at baseline = 74 years). We followed 8,371 women and 4,828 men for 28 years or until death (median = 13 years) and calculated relative risks for various measures of activity at baseline using Cox regression analysis for four age groups (<70, 70-74, 75-79, and 80+ years) in men and women separately.

Results.

Reductions

in ER beta did not alter the estradiol-induced desensitization of 5-HT1A receptor signaling in oxytocin cells. In contrast, in animals with reduced ER beta, estradiol administration, instead of producing desensitization, augmented the ACTH response to a 5-HT1A agonist. Combined with the results from the DPN treatment experiments, desensitization of 5-HT1A receptor signaling does not appear to be mediated by ER beta in oxytocin cells, but that ER beta, together with GPR30, may play a complex role in central regulation of 5-HT1A-mediated ACTH release. Determining the mechanisms by which estrogens induce ACY-1215 desensitization may aid in the development of better treatments for mood disorders. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“A novel lytic bacteriophage, SA11, infecting Staphylococcus aureus was isolated, and the whole genome was sequenced. It belongs to the siphoviridae based on electron microscopic observation. It has a linear double-stranded DNA genome of 136,326 CB-5083 concentration bp. Genomic analysis showed that it is distantly related to

Staphylococcus phages A5W, K, ISP, Sb-1, and G1.”
“In order to examine the formation of a neural network and the functional development of a visual pathway, we performed in vitro reconstruction of the retinotectal pathway using organotypic explants and co-culture methods. Retinas and superior colliculus (SC) slices obtained from embryonic rats were co-cultured on microelectrode array (MEA) substrates for four weeks. We observed retinal ganglion

cell neurites innervating SC Ixazomib research buy slices that evoked responses in retinas or SC slices after applying electrical stimulation. Functional connections between retinas and SC slices were formed in the cultures. At the same time, spontaneous electrical activities were recorded from both the retinas and SC slices over the four weeks. In the co-cultured SC slices, sporadic firings were initially observed at 3-4 days in vitro (DIV), and thereafter the frequency of spontaneous firing increased and synchronized activities occurred after two weeks in vitro (WIV). In most of the single-cultured SC slices, however, only sporadic firings were observed over four weeks. In addition, the retinas and SC slices were co-cultured to enable the exchange of soluble factors with each other via culture medium but not via direct neural connections. The activity patterns resembled ones of single-cultured SC slices. These results suggest that signal inputs from retinas through direct neural connections affect the development of SCs in the retinotectal pathway. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a major rote in the development, elicitation, and enhancement of aggressive behavior in animals. Increasing evidence suggests that this is also true for humans.

Recent studies have shed light on molecular chaperones such as calnexin, calreticulin, ERp44, ERp57, grp75 and the sigma-1 receptor at the MAM, which regulate the association between the two organelles. The MAM thus integrates signal transduction with metabolic pathways to regulate the communication and functional interactions between the ER and mitochondrion.”
“Objective: To estimate the prevalence of psychiatric

disorders in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and explore their association with anti-ribosomal P (anti-P) antibodies.

Methods: Seventy-one consecutive female SLE patients without neurological manifestations were evaluated for psychiatric disorders using the Structured Clinical Interview AS1842856 molecular weight for DSM-IV (SCID). Anti-P antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)/immunoblot analysis.

Results: The mean age of subjects was 34.8 years (SD: 10.1 years), and the mean duration of SLE was 9.8 years (SD: 6.5 years). The 30-day prevalences of psychiatric disorders were: mood disorders 26.8%, anxiety disorders 46.5%, adjustment disorders GW3965 order 8.4%, alcohol abuse 1.4%, and somatoform. disorder 1.4%. The lifetime prevalences of psychiatric

disorders were: mood disorders 69%, anxiety disorders 52.1%, alcohol abuse 1.4%, and somatoform disorder 1.4%. Subjects with and without psychiatric manifestations did not differ regarding SLE clinical and laboratorial parameters including presence or absence of anti-P antibodies

(23.1% vs. 20%, respectively, p=1.0), disease activity, during as measured by the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease activity Index (4.08 +/- 5.7 vs. 4.95 +/- 6.3 respectively, p=0.60) and cumulated damage, as measured by the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (0.7 +/- 2.3 vs. 0.3 +/- 0.7 respectively, p=0.33).

Conclusions: Mood and anxiety disorders are the most frequently observed psychiatric disorders in female SLE patients without concomitant neurological manifestations. These mild/moderate forms of psychiatric disorders are not associated with anti-P antibodies in SLE patients. Our findings reinforce the importance of systematic psychiatric evaluation for these patients in order to provide adequate and comprehensive care. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Tyrosine phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT1 indicate activation of interferon (IFN) signal transduction pathways. Here, we demonstrate that tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT1 is targeted by a unique mechanism in adenovirus (Ad)-infected cells. Ad is known to suppress IFN-inducible gene expression; however, we observed that Ad infection prolongs the tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1 induced by alpha IFN in infected cells.

No 6-month CT in this group demonstrated findings warranting intervention. The 6-month CT was omitted HKI-272 datasheet in group II (206 patients, all treated after 2000), and follow-up was only at 1 year. In this group, no patient’s management would have been altered

by findings on a 6-month CT. No patient in either group experienced aneurysm sac growth by I year. Clinical complications occurred in three group I patients (2.3%): seroma, limb occlusion, and main body thrombosis. Only one group II patient (0.5%) experienced a complication <= 1 year, a limb occlusion at 9 months.

Conclusions: After EVAR, a 6-month CT after a normal 1-month CT result does not identify any clinically significant findings warranting intervention and can be omitted safely from the follow-up schedule.”
“Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is used as therapy for treatment-resistant

depression or epilepsy. This study used immunohistochemistry for biomarkers of short-term (c-Fos) and long-term (Delta FosB) neuronal activation to map PRN1371 datasheet regions in brain that are activated by acute (2 h) or chronic (3 weeks) VNS in conscious Sprague-Dawley rats. Electrodes (Cyberonics Inc.) were implanted on the left vagus nerve and 1 week after surgery, stimulation began using parameters employed clinically (one burst of 20 Hz, 250 mu s pulse width, 0.25 mA stimulation for 30 s every 5 min). Radio telemetry transmitters were used for monitoring blood pressure, heart rate, activity, and respiratory rate during VNS; neither acute nor chronic VNS significantly affected these parameters. Acute VNS significantly increased c-Fos staining in the nucleus

of the solitary tract, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, parabrachial nucleus, ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and locus coeruleus but not in the cingulate cortex or dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Acute VNS did not affect Delta FosB staining in any region. Chronic VNS significantly increased Delta FosB and c-Fos staining bilaterally in each region affected by acute VNS as well as in the cingulate cortex and DRN. Using these stimulation parameters, VNS was tested for antidepressant-like activity using the forced swim test (FST). Both VNS and desipramine significantly decreased immobility in the FST; whereas desipramine decreased immobility by increasing climbing behavior, VNS did Plasmin so by increasing swimming behavior. This study, then, identified potential sites in brain where VNS may produce its clinical effects.”
“Purpose: This study assessed the clinical outcome, morphologic changes, and behavior of acute and chronic type B aortic dissections after endovascular repair and evaluated the extent of dissection and diameter changes in the true (TL), false (FL), and whole lumen (WL) during follow-up.

Methods: From May 2000 to September 2006, preprocedural and follow-up computed tomography scans were evaluated in 106 patients.

The results suggest that curcumin may play a protective effect in primary cultured rat prefrontal cortical neurons against iA beta-induced cytotoxicity, and both AKT and caspase-3 are involved in the curcumin-induced

protective effects. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.”
“Purpose: Inguinal hernia is considered one of the major morbidities after radical prostatectomy. We compared inguinal hernia repair rates in patients treated with radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer relative to those of 2 nonsurgically treated groups of patients, namely individuals who underwent prostate biopsy or transurethral resection of the prostate, and a surgically treated group of patients who underwent pelvic lymph node dissection, within a large North American database.

Materials and Methods: Using the Quebec Health Plan database we identified 5,478 men treated with radical prostatectomy vs 6,933, 7,697 and 532 who underwent prostate biopsy, transurethral resection of the prostate or

pelvic lymph node dissection, respectively, between 1990 and 2000. Kaplan-Meier plots graphically explored inguinal hernia repair rates. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses examined variables associated with inguinal hernia repair after either group. Covariates consisted of age, year of treatment and the Charlson comorbidity index.

Results: The 1, 2, 5 and 10-year inguinal hernia repair rates after radical prostatectomy were 4.4%, 6.7%, 11.7% and 17.1%, respectively. For the same points after prostate biopsy the rates were 1.7%, 2.9%, 6.1% and 9.8% vs 1.7%, 2.6%, 5.5% and 9.2%, respectively, after transurethral resection of the prostate, and 0.8%, 2.4%, 4.9% and 9.3% after pelvic lymph node dissection (pair-wise log rank tests p<0.001). On multivariable Cox regression

analyses the rate of inguinal hernia repair was 1.9, 2.1 and 1.7-fold higher for patients who underwent radical prostatectomy vs prostate biopsy, transurethral resection of the prostate and pelvic lymph node dissection, respectively (all p<0.001).

Conclusions: Radical prostatectomy predisposes to higher inguinal hernia repair rates than in the 3 examined control groups. A higher rate of inguinal hernia repair after radical prostatectomy warrants consideration in the discussion of radical prostatectomy perioperative complications.”
“Social isolation results in fundamental behavioral abnormalities in rodents which models certain neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. However, the developmental stage that is most vulnerable to social isolation is largely unknown. In the present study, we subjected weaning rats to a four-week peri-adolescence isolation rearing (PAIR) and then returned them to social rearing for an additional four weeks until adulthood. Open field locomotion, social interaction behavior, and acute pain sensitivity were examined at different time points.

To test this hypothesis, different EMP populations were generated from human umbilical vein endothelial cells by stimulation with plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and subjected to proteomic analysis by LC/MS. We identified 432 common proteins in all EMP populations studied. Also identified were 231 proteins unique to control EMPs, 104 proteins unique to PAI-1 EMPs and 70 proteins unique to TNF-alpha EMPs. Interestingly, variations in protein abundance were found among many of the common EMP proteins, suggesting that

differences exist between EMPs on a relative scale. Finally, gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analysis revealed many functional similarities and few differences between the EMP populations studied. In summary, JNJ-64619178 solubility dmso our results clearly indicate that EMPs generated by PAI-1 and TNF-alpha produce EMPs with overlapping but distinct protein compositions. These observations provide fundamental insight into the mechanisms regulating the production of these particles EPZ015938 mw and their physiological role in numerous diseases.”
“Chlamydial infections in humans cause severe health

problems, including blinding trachoma and sexually transmitted diseases. Although the involved pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear, the ability to replicate and maintain long-term residence in the infected cells seems to significantly contribute to chlamydial pathogenicity. These obligate intracellular parasites maintain a delicate balance between exploiting and protecting their host: they occupy intracellular space and acquire nutrients from the infected cells, but at the same time they have to maintain

the integrity of the host cells for the completion of their Vitamin B12 intracellular growth. For this purpose, chlamydiae hijack certain signaling pathways that prevent the host cells from undergoing apoptosis induced by intracellular stress and protect the infected cells from recognition and attack by host defenses. Interestingly, one of the strategies that chlamydiae use for these purposes is the induction of limited proteolysis of host proteins, which is the main focus of this article.”
“Enhancing the predictive power of models in biology is a challenging issue. Among the major difficulties impeding model development and implementation are the sensitivity of outcomes to variations in model parameters, the problem of choosing of particular expressions for the parametrization of functional relations, and difficulties in validating models using laboratory data and/or field observations. In this paper, we revisit the phenomenon which is referred to as structural sensitivity of a model. Structural sensitivity arises as a result of the interplay between sensitivity of model outcomes to variations in parameters and sensitivity to the choice of model functions, and this can be somewhat of a bottleneck in improving the models predictive power.

Mice injected with CT26, received recombinant adenovirus

(Ad) vectors (AdMIP-3) expressing mTOR inhibitor MIP-3 protein. This was complemented by injections of CpG. Interestingly, MIP-3 gene therapy combined with CpG injections resulted in specific cytotoxicity. This was associated with significant suppression of tumour growth rate. These findings demonstrate the potential of strategies that utilize in vivo overexpression of chemokines.”
“The importance of Ca2+ influx via store-operated calcium channels (SOCs) leading to mast cell degranulation is well known in allergic disease. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. With food-allergic rat model, the morphology of degranulated mast cell was analysed by toluidine blue stain and electron microscope. Ca2+ influx via SOCs was checked by Ca2+ imaging confocal microscope. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expression of SOCs subunits were investigated using qPCR and Western blot. We found that ovalbumin (OVA) challenge significantly increased the levels of Th2 cytokines and OVA-specific IgE in allergic animals. Parallel to mast cell activation, selleck inhibitor the levels of histamine in serum

and supernatant of rat peritoneal lavage solution were remarkably increased after OVA treatment. Moreover, the Ca2+ entry through SOCs evoked by thapsigargin was increased in OVA-challenged group. The mRNA and protein expressions of SOC subunits, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and Orail (calcium-release-activated calcium channel protein 1), were dramatically elevated under food-allergic condition. Administration of Ebselen, a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), significantly attenuated OVA sensitization-induced intracellular Ca2+ rise and upregulation of SOCs

subunit expressions. Intriguingly, pretreatment Farnesyltransferase with PI3K-specific inhibitor (Wortmannin) partially abolished the production of ROS and subsequent elevation of SOCs activity and their subunit expressions. Taken together, these results imply that enhancement of SOC-mediated Ca2+ influx induces mast cell activation, contributing to the pathogenesis of OVA-stimulated food allergy. PI3K-dependent ROS generation involves in modulating the activity of SOCs by increasing the expressions of their subunit.”
“g delta T cell comprises about 5% of the overall T cell population, and they differ from conventional T cells. Previous studies have indicated the contribution of T cell to acute allograft rejection, but the role of T cell in cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is not investigated. Hearts of adult B6.C-H-2(bm12)KhEg were heterotopically transplanted into major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-mismatched C57BL/6 mice (wild-type, TCR-/-), which is an established murine model of chronic allograft rejection without immunosuppression. The survival of grafts was monitored daily by abdominal palpation until the complete cessation of cardiac contractility.