0%). selleck inhibitor Monthly service hours as an OP (the bottom half

in Table 1) were longer in the Netherlands [mean (mode) of 24.9 (20) hours) in Japan versus 130.5 (160) hours in the Netherlands; p < 0.01 by Mann–Whitney test]. Table 1 Distribution of enterprises by employee numbers and distribution of service frequencies Category Japanese OPsa Dutch OPsb P-value No. (%) No. (%) Enterprise size by number of employees    Meanc 1,822.6 3,226.8 <0.01d  Modec 1,000 2,000 <0.01d Classification by category <0.01e  Less than 50 58 (11.0) 4,480 (85.1)    From 50 to 99 183 (34.9) 334 (6.3)    From 100 to 499 217 (41.4) 355 (6.8)    From 500 to 999 48 (9.1) 42 (0.8)    More than 1,000 19 (3.6) 54 (1.0)   Total 525 (100.0) 5,265 (100.0)   Frequencies selleck chemicals of service by OPs (unitf/month)    Meang 24.9 130.5 <0.01d  Modeg 20 160 <0.01d Classification by category <0.01e  Less than 1 294 (57.2) 1,443 (73.7)    From 1 to 4 183 (35.6) 332 (17.0)    From 5 to 15 34 (6.6) 114 (5.8)    More than 16 3 (0.6) 69 (3.5)   Total 514 (100.0) 1,958 (100.0)   a n = 79 b n = 70 cNumber of employees dBy Mann–Whitney test eBy chi-squares test fOne unit = 3 h gMonthly service hours as an OP Regarding types of industries, manufacturing industries, electricity, gas/water supply companies, and information companies formed a major target of services

for OPs in Japan (87 out of 232, or 37.5%) than in the Netherlands (46 out of 276, or 16.6%; p < 0.01 by chi-squares test for the difference). In contrast, education and learning support companies formed a significantly (p < 0.01 by chi-squares test) larger proportion (23 out of 276, or 8.3%) covered by Dutch OPs than by Japanese OPs Poziotinib ic50 (2 out of 232, or 0.9%; Table 2). Table 2 Types of industries for which OPs serve in Japan and in the Netherlands Type of industries Number Bortezomib order of OPsa p-valued Japaneseb Dutchc Agriculture, forestry, and fishery 1 6 <0.10 Cafe, restaurants, and hotels 7 8 >0.10 Construction 14 24 >0.10 Education and learning support 2 23 <0.01 Electricity, gas and water supply 11 4 <0.05 Finance and insurance 8 9 >0.10 Information and communication 19 11 <0.05 Manufacturing 57 31 <0.01 Medical, health, and welfare

services 13 24 >0.10 Mining 2 6 >0.10 Public business 21 29 >0.10 Real estate agent 2 4 >0.10 Services 21 40 <0.10 Transportation 22 27 >0.10 Wholesale or retail trade 21 18 >0.10 Others 11 12 >0.10 aRegistration by multiple choices b n = 79 c n = 70 dBy chi-squares test Current activities Japanese OPs spent a significantly (p < 0.01 by chi-squares test) larger percentage of hours for attendance at health and safety committee meetings, rounds of the work areas, health and hygiene education, and prevention of health hazards due to overwork (Table 3). The hours spent for general health examinations and mental health care were relatively longer in Japan than in the Netherlands as well, although the differences were statistically insignificant (p > 0.05).

Thus, upregulation of FAK signaling in the ILK KO mice after Jo-2 administration may also be playing an important role in protection against Jo-2 induced apoptosis. Interventional studies will provide a better understanding of the role selleck products of FAK signaling in Jo-2 induced apoptosis in absence of ILK signaling. Discussion In this study we show that ILK is plays

a regulatory role in Fas mediated apoptosis. We present evidence that hepatocyte specific ILK KO mice are resistant to Fas-induced apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore we show that apoptotic injury in the ILK KO mice is associated with an increase in antiapoptotic genes like Bcl-xl and Bcl-2. Investigation of the mechanism behind this protection revealed reduced expression of the Fas receptor in the ILK KO mice. However, the lower expression of Fas receptor in the ILK KO mice is not the only mechanism Vorinostat in vitro that could afford that much protection. Thus, we looked at the other possibilities that might also contribute to this protection.

The survival program of ILK is well established and includes primarily activation of PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2 and NFκB pathway [6, 7, 23–25]. In agreement to these studies we found induction of PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2 and NFκB not only after Jo-2 administration but also at basal levels in the ILK KO mice. We then used a well described in the literature in vitro system of studying hepatocyte apoptosis using Jo-2 and Actinomycin D. Pharmacological inhibition of ERK using U0126 and peptide inhibition of NFκB pathway led to increased susceptibility of Phloretin ILK KO hepatocytes to Jo-2 induced apoptosis in hepatocyte cultures, suggesting that ERK and NFκB pathways but were the signaling mediators for ILK in this process. Inhibition of Akt using PI3K inhibitor LY-294002 did not affect the degree of apoptosis in ILK KO hepatocytes. Together

the data suggests that reduced expression of FAS receptor in the ILK KO mice along with persistent upregulation of survival signals like ERK1/2 and NFκB signaling is the mechanism behind protection of ILK KO mice against Jo-2 induced liver failure. It should be noted that our results differ to previously published literature where upregulation of ILK in mammary epithelial cells protects against apoptosis [26]. It is conceivable that ILK may be promoting apoptosis in the liver while it has a completely opposite role in the mammary glands. Also, genetic elimination of a protein results in many adaptive changes in the organ. It is AG-881 chemical structure likely that genetic removal of ILK from the liver results in adaptive changes in the liver that make them resistant to apoptosis. Liver and mammary gland tissues also have different life cycles. Differentiation of liver tends to be stable through life whereas mammary glands undergo dramatic changes in their differentiation both due to hormonal cycles as well as during pregnancy.

Thalassiosira weissflogii. J Plankton Res 1997, 19:1793–1813.CrossRef 8. Falkner R, Wagner F, Aiba H, Falkner G: Phosphate-uptake behaviour of a mutant of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 lacking one protein of the high-affinity phosphate-uptake system. Planta 1998,

206:461–465.CrossRef 9. Kaneko T, Sato S, Kotani H, et al.: Sequence analysis of the genome of the unicellular selleck chemicals cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. II. Sequence determination of the entire genome and assignment of potential protein-coding regions. DNA Res 1996, 3:109–136.PubMedCrossRef 10. Falkner G, Wagner F, Falkner R: On the relation between phosphate uptake and growth of the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans . CR Acad Sci Paris SerIII 1994, 317:535–554. 11. Wagner F, Falkner R, Falkner G: Information about previous phosphate fluctuations is stored via an adaptive response of the high-affinity phosphate uptake system of the cyanobacterium. Anacystis nidulans. Planta 1995,

beta-catenin inhibitor 197:147–155. 12. Avendano MC, Valiente EF: Effect of sodium on phosphate uptake in unicellular and filamentous cyanobacteria. Plant Cell Physiol 1994, 35:1097–1011. 13. Burut-Archanai S, Incharoensakdi A, Eaton-Rye JJ: The extended N-terminal learn more region of SphS is required for detection of external phosphate levels in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009, 378:383–388.PubMedCrossRef 14. Juntarajumnong W, Hirani TA, Simpson JM, Incharoensakdi A, Eaton-Rye JJ: Phosphate sensing in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803: SphU and the SphS-SphR two-component regulatory system. Arch Microbiol 2007, 188:389–402.PubMedCrossRef 15. Kimura S, Shiraiwa Y, Suzuki I: Function of the N-terminal

region of the phosphate-sensing histidine kinase, SphS, in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Microbiology 2009, 155:2256–2264.PubMedCrossRef 16. Rao NN, Gomez-Garcia MR, Kornberg A: A Inorganic polyphosphate: Essential for growth and survival. Annu Rev Biochem Racecadotril 2009, 78:605–647.PubMedCrossRef 17. Altschul SF, Madden TL, Schäffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Miller W, Lipman DJ: Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res 1997, 25:3389–3402.PubMedCrossRef 18. Richie RJ, Trautman DA, Larkum AWD: Phosphate uptake in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus R-2 PCC 7942. Plant Cell Physiol 1997, 38:1232–1241. 19. Lindsay WL: Chemical equilibria in soils. Wiley-Interscience Publ., New York 1979. 20. van Veen HW, Abee T, Kortstee GJ, Konings WN, Zehnder AJ: Translocation of metal phosphate via the phosphate inorganic transport system of Escherichia coli . Biochemistry 1994, 33:1766–1770.PubMedCrossRef 21. Shi X, Yang L, Niu X, Kong Z Qin B, Gao G: Intracellular phosphorus metabolism of Microcystis aeruginosa under redox potential in darkness. Microbiol Res 2003, 158:345–352.PubMedCrossRef 22. Katewa SD, Katyare SS: A simplified method for inorganic phosphate determination analysis in enzyme assays.

These items, followed by a detailed treatment of prebiotic pyrophosphate formation, serve as background to the Discussion and Summary which include the presentation of a novel evolutionary scheme for cation buy MGCD0103 transport through membranes. The pH

Conditions of the Mariana Forearc Near the Mariana trench, i.e. at a lateral distance of 48–54 km from the maximum depth of the trench into the overriding Philippines plate (see Fig. 1), the upwelling pore waters of the Mariana forearc have pH of 10.7 and are fresher than the ambient seawater, selleck chemicals llc because the waters originate by dehydration of the subducting Pacific slab at temperatures of 300–375°C (Alt and Shanks 2006; Mottl 2009). These proximal springs form chimneys on the seafloor of the secondary mineral brucite, Mg(OH)2. Farther from the trench (70–90 km lateral distance) the fluid chemistry changes abruptly and the waters have pH 12.5 and are more concentrated with respect to dissolved inorganic species relative to seawater (Mottl 2009). this website These distal springs form chimneys of aragonite and calcite, both consisting of CaCO3. The reason that the fluids close to the trench have a pH of about 10.7 is because the

consumption of H+ during serpentinization (and brucite formation) of primary silicate minerals (Holm and Neubeck 2009). Mg(OH)2 is, in fact, excellent at buffering pH at alkaline conditions and has been used for that purpose in prebiotic peptide synthesis experiments (Huber et very al. 2003). However, the pH of 12.5 of the distal pore fluids requires an additional explanation, such as dissolution of carbonate minerals in cracks and fissures of the subducting Pacific plate (Mottl 2009). The greatest abundances of carbonate veins and highest bulk crustal carbon contents correspond with high permeability in the upper crust

of the plate, where greater fluid fluxes and prolonged circulation occur (Alt and Teagle 1999). Fig. 1 Cartoon showing a cross section of oceanic lithosphere, extending from the spreading center to the subduction zone. Off-axis hydrothermal flow in the oceanic lithosphere causes partial oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) and reduction of water to molecular hydrogen. Some Fe(II) and Ni(II) is reduced to native metals. CO2 is reduced to CO and CH4, while NO 3 – and NO 2 – may be reduced to NH 4 + and adsorbed on secondary minerals like smectite and zeolites. During early subduction the descending plate is heated and dehydrated. Adsorbed CO and CH4 may react with NH 4 + and form HCN. The released fluid carrying HCN rises from an environment of relatively low pH into hydrated mantle rock of high pH.

Furthermore, it is known that the change in bone density and geometry occurs at the region of the bone loaded [49]. Since we do not have information

on the kinds of resistive exercises, loading levels, or number of sets and repetitions the subjects performed, we cannot exclude the possibility that resistive exercise may indeed have some impact on bone. Although the study had sufficient power to detect relatively small differences between the studied groups, we could not observe that aBMD, at either weight-bearing or nonweight-bearing bone sites, in the resistance training group differed as compared to aBMD in the nonathletic group. this website In conclusion, the association between exercise loading and bone parameters is sport-specific. In concordance with previous studies, this study found that weight-bearing exercise, in this case soccer, with impacts from varying directions, is associated with changes in aBMD and vBMD, cortical bone geometry, and

trabecular microstructure of weight-bearing bone. Nonspecific recreational resistance exercise does not appear to be a strong determinant of bone density, geometry, or microstructure in young adult men. Conflicts of interest None. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, click here and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) Sodium butyrate and the source are credited. References 1. Rizzoli R, Bonjour JP, Ferrari SL (2001) Osteoporosis, genetics and hormones. J Mol Endocrinol 26:79–94PubMedCrossRef 2. Frost HM (1987) Bone “mass” and the “mechanostat”: a proposal. Anat Rec 219:1–RG7420 ic50 9PubMedCrossRef 3. Nikander R, Sievänen

H, Heinonen A, Daly RM, Uusi-Rasi K, Kannus P (2010) Targeted exercise against osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis for optimising bone strength throughout life. BMC Med 8:47PubMedCrossRef 4. Heaney RP, Abrams S, Dawson-Hughes B, Looker A, Marcus R, Matkovic V, Weaver C (2000) Peak bone mass. Osteoporos Int 11:985–1009PubMedCrossRef 5. Heinonen A, Oja P, Kannus P, Sievanen H, Haapasalo H, Manttari A, Vuori I (1995) Bone mineral density in female athletes representing sports with different loading characteristics of the skeleton. Bone 17:197–203PubMedCrossRef 6. Heinonen A, Oja P, Kannus P, Sievanen H, Manttari A, Vuori I (1993) Bone mineral density of female athletes in different sports. Bone Miner 23:1–14PubMedCrossRef 7. Taaffe DR, Snow-Harter C, Connolly DA, Robinson TL, Brown MD, Marcus R (1995) Differential effects of swimming versus weight-bearing activity on bone mineral status of eumenorrheic athletes. J Bone Miner Res 10:586–593PubMedCrossRef 8. Taaffe DR, Robinson TL, Snow CM, Marcus R (1997) High-impact exercise promotes bone gain in well-trained female athletes. J Bone Miner Res 12:255–260PubMedCrossRef 9.

Sterile water was added up to a final volume of 100 mL. Then, three serial decimal dilutions (10-1, 10-2, and 10-3) of each sample were prepared. Selleck ARS-1620 Reference culture method Determination of L. pneumophila by culture isolation was conducted in accordance with the ISO 11731-Part 2. Five milliliters of each sample, as well as its corresponding 10-fold serial dilutions

were filtered through cellulose ester membranes (11406-47-ACN; Sartorius, Germany). The membranes were placed on the surface of the BCYE-α+GVPC medium (bioMérieux; Spain) and were incubated at 37°C, preferably in a 5% CO2 atmosphere for a period between 5 and 10 days. Immunomagnetic technique Analysis using the IMM test kit was performed in accordance to the protocol described previously. Results were reported as presence/absence in 9 mL, and the aproximate concentrations of L. pneumophila were estimated by intercalation of the end-point colour developed in the analysed sample in the colour chart provided by the manufacturer.

Accordingly, samples similar to the negative control one were labelled as 2–103 CFU/9 mL, colour EX 527 molecular weight similar to the first colour mark corresponded to 103 CFU/9 mL, colour between first and the second colour mark corresponded to 103–104 CFU/9 mL, colour similar to the second colour mark corresponded to 104 CFU/9 mL, and colour darker than the second colour mark was indicative of >104 CFU/9 mL. Statistical data analysis The results reported by eleven of the twelve participating laboratories were evaluated following statistical methods described in the ISO/DIS 13528. One laboratory was rejected due to incorrect application of the trial protocol. Acknowledgements Authors are indebted to Dr. Ángel Berenguer (Instituto de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante) for critical reading of the manuscript. Inma Solís is indebted to Dr. Juan José Borrego (Spanish Society Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase for Microbiology) for fruitful discussions. Guillermo Rodríguez is indebted to Dr. V.

Catalán for fruitful technical cooperation in collaborative trial. This study was funded by the Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (Programme NEOTEC) and Genoma España Foundation, from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, and also by the Institute for Small and Medium Industry of the Generalitat Valenciana (IMPIVA) attached to Spanish Ministry of Industry. References 1. Helbig JH, Kurtz JB, Pastoris MC, Pelaz C, Luck PC: Antigenic lipopolysaccharide components of Legionella pneumophila recognized by monoclonal antibodies: AC220 price possibilities and limitations for division of the species into serogroups. J Clin Microbiol 1997, 35:2841–2845.PubMed 2.

5 g NaHCO3 kg-1 body mass [42], which might accentuate the increase in PV and possible side effects. Thus, one adequate dose of NaHCO3 administered before the competition should be effective in mediating all of the performance-enhancing effects without the need of a “loading phase”. In this context, our results expand the findings of McNaughton and Thompson [16] as well as Siegler et al.[17], who compared different acute and chronic protocols and found that there are no differences between these ingestion protocols with

respect to exercise performance. It may be argued that the present findings could be limited by 1) differences in performance ability throughout the study period and 2) decreasing motivation. Regarding the first point we have shown that CP was neither different between the first and second intervention period nor before the NaHCO3 and placebo condition. An increase in CP from the first to the second intervention would AZD3965 in vivo have indicated a training effect, whereas a decrease in CP would have indicated incomplete recovery. Hence, we can assume that the participants had the same performance ability throughout the https://www.selleckchem.com/products/PLX-4720.html study, allowing a comparison of T lim between the two conditions. Regarding the second point, decreasing motivation in a single participant would be evident from a decrease in T lim within or between interventions. Considering the single

variations in T lim irrespective of condition, during which no distinct increases or decreases in T lim over time (i.e. from the second to the fifth test day) were identified, a decreasing motivation can be excluded for all participants. In addition, V̇ O2,CLT, V̇ CO2,CLT and RERCLT were

not different between conditions and days of testing. This indicates that the participants’ effort was constant during the whole study period. Conclusion In conclusion, multiple acute, consecutive day NaHCO3 supplementation led to an increase in T lim at CP after the first bolus intake. Small molecule library However, while T lim remained pentoxifylline elevated in the NaHCO3 condition, it was not further altered with prolonged NaHCO3 supplementation. The increase in T lim was accompanied by a higher [HCO3 -] gradient between the blood and the intramyocellular compartment, which stabilized over time in the NaHCO3 intervention. In contrast to the theoretical CP-model, where metabolites should reach a steady state during exercise at CP, and consequently, buffer substances should be ineffective in enhancing T lim, we showed that in practice T lim can be increased with NaHCO3 supplementation. Furthermore, the high amount of ingested Na+ caused a sustained elevation in PV, which inhibited a further increase in [HCO3 -], and consequently limited the performance-enhancing effect. Therefore, this study indicates that NaHCO3 can be taken daily in multiday competitions or tournaments to maintain performance ability throughout the whole duration of the competition. Acknowledgments We thank delta pronatura Dr. Krauss & Dr.

In spite of a globally similar functional classification, the contribution of proteins involved in signaling and protein synthesis was quite selleck kinase inhibitor different between the three strains. In addition,

some proteins were specifically identified by one strain (Figure 3) and are therefore potential candidates for strain discrimination and/or to understand their pathogenicity. Other than proteins with no known function, these markers included specific isoforms of adenylate kinase and lysophospholipase in Feo, a dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase in Biyamina, and a specific isoform of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase and a calpain-like cysteine peptidase, as well as a tryparedoxin for the OK strain. Figure 2 Classification of T. brucei gambiense proteins from 3 different strains into functional categories. Proteins from the different strains (Feo, OK, Biyamina) were classified into 12 functional categories selleck products according to the hierarchical, nonredundant classification system developed for MapMan [13]. On the x-axis, the categories are indicated. The y-axis shows the percentage of each category for each strain. Figure 3 Overlap between secretomes of 3 different T. brucei gambiense strains. Proteins found in the analysis of 3 different T. brucei strain secretomes separated on 1D-PAGE were compared. The black circle in the middle represents

proteins common Smad cancer Aldehyde dehydrogenase to the 3 strains (48 proteins). Biyamina and OK have 16 proteins in common; 14 proteins are specific to the Biyamina secretome. 2- Secreted proteins form stable complexes To further understand the secretome

and its interaction network, protein complexes were separated using two-dimensional BN-SDS-PAGE (blue native-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) [14]. With this method, proteins focusing on a virtual vertical lane are potentially part of the same complex, whereas proteins not in a complex are focused at the same molecular weight (MW) in both dimensions and located at the extreme right on the gel (Figure 4). Gels have been carried out two times giving similar protein profiles. A total of 382 nonredundant proteins were identified by MS/MS (additional file 2, Table S2). Functional classification led to a similar distribution as above (see Figure 2). Figure 4 highlights the importance of a small number of protein spots (<20) that accounted for more than 80% of the total amount of secreted proteins. These proteins included not only the well-known and abundant VSGs (spots 33, 182, 43), but also enzymes involved in nucleotide and amino acid metabolism (spots 76, 123, 126), chaperones (spots 114, 113, 89, 107), and proteases (spots 165, 114), thus defining a major role for defense and nutrition to the secretome.

Misleading test results are further complicated by deceptive marketing and other questionable practices by the US Government Accountability Office

was presented (United States Government Accountability Office 2010). Although no concrete PP2 chemical structure regulatory changes have taken place since these events, it has to be expected that regulatory oversight will increase in the near future. In Europe, the Human Genetics Commission of the UK presented in August its “framework of principles” on DTC genetic testing (Human Genetics Commission 2010). These principles were developed by a working group including representatives from the DTC genetic testing industry, clinical, and molecular geneticists, genetic counselors, experts in regulation, and those with experience in offering support to individuals with genetic conditions. The principles are mainly aimed at self-regulation of the DTC genetic testing market by promoting standards in the provision of genetic tests amongst commercial providers IACS-10759 supplier at an international level. The principles have

been designed with the will to protect the interests of consumers and to allow the industry to grow. However, the principles have been criticized for being “weak and meaningless” by GeneWatch UK (GeneWatch 2010) and an editorial in the Lancet calls the guidelines insufficient and questions their practical value (The Lancet 2010). Furthermore, the Professional and Public Policy Committee of the MK 8931 price European Society of Human Genetics had criticized the consultation document for focusing “too much on the

requirements the test providers should fulfill while paying too little attention to the quality of the genetic tests that are being sold” and remained “concerned about the quality of the tests provided” and believed “that the clinical validity (and not only the analytical validity) of genetic tests should be proven before one can even begin to find more consider selling such tests directly to consumers” (Professional and Public Policy Committee of the European Society of Human Genetics 2009). With this in mind, the European Society of Human Genetics endorsed in June 2010 a statement in which it recommended to ensure, among other issues, the quality of the testing services, the provision of pretest information and genetic counseling, a face to face consultation, and oversight of this industry. (European Society of Human Genetics 2010) As may be the case in the USA, stronger regulatory oversight may be forthcoming in Europe considering that the European Commission is in a process of revising the Directive 98/79/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 October 1998 on In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices. A specific question addressed is the “need to create additional requirements or restrictions for direct-to-consumer genetic tests in order to ensure a better health protection” (European Commission. Health and Consumers Directorate-General. Consumer Affairs. Cosmetics and Medical Devices 2010).

62 (95 % CI 0.45–0.86). Other meta-analyses yielded similar results in terms of the prevention of CIN by sodium bicarbonate-based S3I-201 ic50 hydration. However, no significant differences between sodium bicarbonate-based hydration and saline hydration were observed in terms of the

introduction of hemodialysis, incidence of heart failure, or mortality. They concluded that sodium bicarbonate-based hydration may decrease the incidence of CIN, but does not differ from saline hydration in terms of kidney function and vital prognoses. Researchers have pointed out that studies included in these meta-analyses differ substantially in design, and that sodium bicarbonate-based hydration was reported effective in many published articles, and was concluded to be ineffective in other studies published as abstracts only. In a meta-analysis of 14 studies (3 large and 11 small studies) of 2,290 patients, there was no evidence of a benefit for hydration with sodium bicarbonate compared with sodium chloride for the

prevention of CIN among the large trials [116]. The report pointed out that including studies of lower methodological quality in the analysis may have led to a false conclusion. In this report, the researchers performed an analysis limited to 8 studies meeting the quality criteria, including >100 patients enrolled, and a similar dose and route between treatment aminophylline groups if N-acetylcysteine (NAC) use was permitted. The RR for sodium bicarbonate (n = 945) compared with that for sodium chloride (n = 945) was 0.71 (95 % CI 0.41–1.03), which was not a statistically significant check details difference, but suggested a PXD101 superior efficacy of the sodium bicarbonate-based hydration. Readers of these meta-analyses should be aware that a typical protocol of sodium bicarbonate-based

hydration consists of a 1-h infusion of about 150 mEq/L solution at 3 mL/kg/h for 1 h before contrast exposure and a 6-h infusion of the solution at 1 mL/kg/h for 6 h after contrast exposure, and is different in duration from a typical protocol of saline hydration with a 6–12 h infusion at 1 mL/kg/h before and after contrast exposure. In these meta-analyses, data were not adjusted for the difference in the duration of infusion. Also, preprocedural hemofiltration has been reported to be effective for preventing CIN, and alkalinization of body fluids is also considered effective in the prevention of CIN (see ). However, in a study of patients randomized to receive either sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate administered at the same rate (3 mL/kg for 1 h before CAG, decreased to 1.5 mL/kg/h during the procedure and for 4 h after the completion of the procedure), the incidence of CIN did not differ between the 2 groups [117]. Since 2009, 7 reports have been published on the use of sodium bicarbonate-based hydration.