Supportive and psychological interventions should be an important part of the oncologist role. This more comprehensive activity is usually termed as “survivorship care”. Given the required large amount of resources and the possible important consequences in terms of patients’ health and survival, several prospective

studies were conducted with the aim of defining the best follow-up strategy in BC survivors [6], [7], [8], [9], [10] and [11] and clinical guidelines are constantly updated [12] and [13]. A survival benefit derived from the early detection of disease recurrence was rarely demonstrated in the general population, although several other needs of cancer patients were pointed out, leading to a wider

understanding Anti-diabetic Compound Library of surveillance and to a shift toward survivorship care. Unfortunately, while oncological research is actively Afatinib pushed in the field of pharmacological therapy, little has done to solve the many questions that still are open in survivorship care. Data on BC follow-up date back to the 1990, when results from two randomized trials were published: the GIVIO (Gruppo Interdisciplinare Valutazione Interventi in Oncologia, Interdisciplinary Group for Cancer Care Evaluation) trial [6] and the Rosselli del Turco trial [7]. They comparatively evaluated conventional follow-up based on regular physical examinations and annual mammography with more intensive investigations, such as chest X-rays, bone scan, liver ultrasound (US), and laboratory tests for tumor markers in order to search for distant metastases. Both trials buy Ixazomib showed no overall survival (OS) benefit arising from intensive follow-up as compared with conventional follow-up [8] and [9]. In particular,

the first analysis of the Rosselli Del Turco trial showed an uncertain survival benefit arising from intensive follow-up compared with conventional follow-up, but the data was not confirmed after 10-year follow-up. The 10-year mortality cumulative rates were 31.5% for the conventional follow-up and 34.8% for the intensive ones (hazard ratio 1.05; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.87–1.26) [8]. Similarly, the GIVIO at a median follow-up of 71 months, showed no differences in survival, with 132 deaths (20%) in the intensive group and 122 deaths (18%) in the control group (odds ratio = 1.12; 95% CI = 0.87–1.43). Moreover, the GIVIO trial assessed a decreased health-related Quality-of-life (QoL) in the intensive-screening group [6]. Recently, a Cochrane review involving more than 2500 women, confirmed that intensive follow-up did not improve OS and disease-free survival (DFS). These results were consistent among subgroup analyses according to patient age, tumor size and lymph node status before primary treatment [3]. Other important issues concern frequency and location of follow-up visits.