g.,”"shirt”" and “”blue”" are encoded as a “”blue shirt”"; Graf and Schacter, 1989) and typically are later reactivated in memory as a single unit, allowing access to the features of multiple related stimuli

at once (Bader et al., 2010; Diana et al., 2011). This review examines the neural processes supporting memory for unitizations and how the emotional content of the material may influence unitization. Although associative binding is typically reliant on hippocampal processes and supported by recollection, the first part of this review will EGFR inhibitor present evidence to suggest that when two items are unitized into a single representation, memory for those bound items may be accomplished on the basis of familiarity and without reliance on the hippocampus. The second part of this review discusses how emotion may affect the processes that give rise to unitizations. Emotional information typically receives a mnemonic benefit over neutral information, but the literature is mixed on whether the presence

of emotional information impedes or enhances the associative binding of neutral information (reviewed by Mather, 2007). It has been suggested that the way the emotional and neutral details are related together may be critical to whether the neutral details Rabusertib nmr are enhanced or impeded (Mather, 2007; Mather and Sutherland, 2011). We focus on whether emotional arousal aids or inhibits the see more creation of a unitized representation, presenting preliminary data, and future directions to test empirically the effects of forming and retrieving emotional and neutral unitizations.”
“Purpose of review

Simultaneous

pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantation represents the only proven long-term therapeutic approach for type 1 diabetic, dialysis-dependent patients. This procedure potentially liberates these patients from dialysis and the need for exogenous insulin replacement. For the first time, data on the long-term natural history of patients receiving SPK have recently been analyzed. In this review, we discuss the outcomes and complications for patients receiving SPK in the context of the current literature.

Recent findings

In our analysis of 1000 SPKs performed at our center, we demonstrated that SPK increases patient survival compared with live-donor kidney alone or deceased donor kidney alone transplantation. The 5-year, 10-year, and 20-year patient survival for SPK recipients was 89, 80, and 58%, respectively. Enteric drainage improves quality of life, but not allograft survival, when compared with bladder drainage. After transplantation, approximately 50% of bladder-drained transplants undergo enteric conversion and late conversion after transplantation is associated with a higher complication rate. Surgical complications are higher in enteric-drained compared with bladder-drained pancreas transplants.