Add itional differences include figure 1 the fact that Cuomo et al. did not analyze the concentration of tetrahydrocurcumin in the blood plasma and did not use an internal standard. In this study an internal standard, Salbutamol. was used to improve accuracy and reliability of the data outcome as previously described Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries by Liu et al. 2006 in an absorption study in rats. Due to the differences in design absolute values cannot be directly compared. Antony et al. studied Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries the effects of curcumin lecithin piperine or a curcumin control in 11 healthy sub jects in a cross over design with a two week wash out period. The analytical measurement did not use an internal standard and only determined the curcumin Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries content in the blood for up to 8 hours after adminis tration. The study showed a 6.

9 fold increased absorp tion over control. Our study showed an approximately 30% increased relative absorption of CTR. In 2006, Lao et al. studied the safety and appearance in the blood of a single dose of CS, the same material we used as control in our study. Twenty four healthy volunteers Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries consumed escalating single doses of 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 6,000, 8,000, 10,000 and 12,000 mg of CS. No curcumin was detected in serum at up to 8 g of CS. Two subjects showed low levels of curcumin whereas no plasma concentrations of curcumin were detected in the remaining subjects at the 10,000 or 12,000 mg dose levels. The absolute values of other studies cannot be com pared with the results of our study due to differences in subjects, analytical method, study design and administra tion of the product.

The present study is the first and only study which measured the constituent parts of the curcu min formulation derived from the extraction process and the major metabolite of orally ingested curcumin. One limitation in the study design was the sampling time frame. Our data indicated that the curcumin half life was estimated to be 6 7 hours and that Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries the plasma levels of the conjugated curcuminoids were not in their elimination phase. Thus, while we sampled from 0 12 hours, we propose future research to assess a 24 hour sampling period. Conclusion A formulation of curcumin with a combination of hydro philic carrier, cellulosic derivatives and natural antioxidants significantly increases curcuminoid appearance in the blood in comparison to unformulated standard curcumin CS, CTR and CP.

Background Patients on renal replacement therapy are at in creased risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbid ity compared to the general population. Every year, between 10 20% of all patients inhibitor Seliciclib on dialysis die, with about 45% of deaths attributed to CV causes. Established traditional atherosclerosis risk factors, such as hyperten sion and dyslipidemia, have been recognized as independ ent predictors of cardiovascular disease among chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis patients.