Therefore, it seems that improvement in thermoregulation induced by hyper hydration strategies used in this study were achieved by PV and sweat rate maintenance [34] and by increasing the specific heat capacity of the body as suggested by Easton et al. (2007) and Beis et al. (2011), rather than PV expansion. We found that in Cr/Gly/Glu group, following supplementation, RER during constant

load exercise was significantly higher than in the pre supplementation trial which reflects the contribution of CHO towards energy production being enhanced and contribution of fat reduced by consumption of the Cr/Gly/Glu supplement. This Epacadostat datasheet finding is not surprising since daily amount of Glu consumed with the Cr/Gly/Glu supplement for the duration of seven ACP-196 purchase days was as high as 150 g and significantly increased intake of available CHO. It is well established that increased dietary selleckchem carbohydrate intake for several days

increases muscle glycogen concentration [35, 36] and that energy substrate selection during exercise to a great degree depends on muscle glycogen availability [37, 38]. In Cr/Gly/Glu/Ala group, RER values measured during constant load exercise were not significantly different between pre and post supplementation trials. This can be explained by lower intake of Glu within the Cr/Gly/Glu/Ala supplement in comparison to the Glu contained in the Cr/Gly/Glu supplement. Regardless of the possible enhanced availability of muscle glycogen and change in energy substrate utilization during exercise following Cr/Gly/Glu suplement, it is unlikely that this could have impact on exercise performance due to muscle glycogen depletion. This suggestion receives support from no hypoglycemia being sees at point of completion of all time trials. Despite the decrease in Tcore and HR during constant load exercise experienced by both supplementation groups in the present study, time trial performance was not affected which is in consistency with some hyper hydration studies

[3, 39, 40] but contradict findings of other researchers [5, 41–43]. It should be noted, FER that studies finding a positive effect of hyper hydration on exercise performance, employed protocols different from that in our study. For example, in the study by Anderson et al. (2001), participants were required to cycle for 90 min at a constant load before commencing the time trial. This duration is more than twice the duration employed in the current study. In addition, it might be that in our study, intensity of constant load exercise has not been high enough since mean values of RPE were 15 and 14 in Cr/Gly/Glu and Cr/Gly/Glu/Ala group, respectively (Figure 5). It is therefore possible, that the exercise trial in the present study was not of sufficient duration and intensity for hyper hydration to have a significant effect on performance.