The Green Paper on the reform

of the CFP reported that 88% of Community stocks subject to scientific assessment were being fished beyond maximum sustainable yield (MSY), and that 30%, including the iconic cod, were being fished outside safe biological limits [34]. In July 2011, detailed proposals for the reform of the CFP were adopted by the EC. The following proposals are being discussed in the European Council and Parliament Trichostatin A in vivo following the co-decision procedure [35] • Multi-annual management plans capable of achieving MSY within specified timeframes. The outcomes of the CFP reform will affect MSP in many ways, particularly with regards to protecting SACs, SPAs and MPAs, and achieving GES. Despite various provisions for fisheries restrictions to support environmental conservation and the management of Natura 2000 sites under the CFP (see Table S1, Supplementary Material), such provisions are actually very rarely used. Whilst there are over 1800 marine Natura 2000 sites, only two specific CFP regulations have been introduced to protect such sites: the Darwin Mounds [36] and the Macaronesian Isles, though two temporary measures have also been introduced for SACs in Irish waters and the El Cachucho offshore SAC, as well as one compensatory measure to better protect the Dutch Voordelta related to the expansion of Rotterdam harbour [37]. Such restrictions

under the CFP are very important as designation of Natura 2000 sites does not have any immediate, direct effect on fisheries management. The co-decision process will Imatinib raise many political challenges to these ambitious proposals, as examined in more detail in the next section. However, better integration of the environmental pillar into the CFP is arguably necessary if the objectives of the MSFD, Habitats Directive and other EU environmental policies are to be achieved. As the EU’s Phospholipase D1 integrated maritime policy, the IMP embraces all the objectives

established in other marine policies and legislation, including designation of MPAs in addition to Natura 2000 sites, the development of offshore renewable energy and sustainable fisheries. It is stated in the ‘Blue Book’ that competence for decision-making in MSP and Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) lies with the Member States, and that both instruments “contribute to meeting the commitments deriving from the Thematic Strategy for the Protection of the Marine Environment (MSFD) and provide operators with improved predictability for their planning of future investments” ( Table S1, Supplementary Material). Similar to the MSFD, the IMP interacts with most other EU directives and regulations that affect the use and management of the marine environment, including those for fisheries, shipping, ports, renewable energy and nature conservation.