Severe maternal complications of preeclampsia warrant delivery. • The adverse conditions These are preeclampsia manifestations that increase the risk of adverse maternal or perinatal outcomes [87] and [95]Table 2 lists the adverse conditions by maternal organ system. Of particular importance are: preterm preeclampsia, chest pain or dyspnoea, or an abnormality of one/more of: oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry, platelet count, serum creatinine, or aspartate transaminase (AST) [87] and [95]. Proteinuria predicts neither

short-term adverse outcomes nor long-term maternal renal prognosis [88] and [89]. Roxadustat HELLP syndrome is represented by its component parts; as we react to HELLP to prevent complications, rather than seeking to avoid its occurrence. How maternal ABT-263 mw adverse conditions may predict fetal or neonatal outcomes in preeclampsia is unclear. The perinatal literature suggests that abnormal fetal monitoring of various types may identify increased fetal risk. Abnormalities in the NST should not be ascribed to antihypertensive therapy [90]. Computerized NST improves perinatal outcomes compared with visual interpretation in high risk pregnancies [91].

Oligohydramnios was not predictive of adverse outcome in observational studies of preterm pre-eclampsia [92]. However, oligohydramnios and abnormalities of Doppler velocimetry of the umbilicial artery have been predictive of stillbirth [86]. The biophysical profile (BPP) has unproven utility Ketanserin in high risk women [67] and [93] and BPP may falsely reassure with early-onset IUGR [94] or preeclampsia [95]. Currently, there is no single fetal monitoring test to accurately predict fetal compromise in women with preeclampsia. Most experts suggest a combination of tests, with emphasis on umbilical artery Doppler when there is IUGR [67] and [96]. Other non-specific risk factors for severe complications of preeclampsia are: immigrant status, young maternal age, nulliparity, lower maternal weight, and in the index pregnancy, multiple pregnancy and early-onset preeclampsia [97].

• What is severe preeclampsia? Definitions vary; most include multi-organ involvement [3], [98], [99] and [100]. We modified our definition of severe preeclampsia to be preeclampsia associated with a severe complication(s). Severe preeclampsia now warrants delivery regardless of gestational age. Our definition excludes heavy proteinuria and HELLP syndrome which is not an absolute indication for delivery. A ‘transient’ hypertensive effect is not associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes. White coat effect in early pregnancy (∼30%) is common [19]. Forty percent of women progress to persistent hypertension at ⩾20 weeks (i.e., gestational hypertension) and 8% to preeclampsia. Women with ‘white coat’ effect have risks (e.g., severe hypertension, preterm delivery, and NICU admission) intermediate between normotension and either pre-existing or gestational hypertension [15], [60], [66], [101], [102] and [103].