Principal component analysis was performed to examine the underlying dimensions of caregiver outcome measures. One-way ANOVA and independent sample r-tests were used to test for differences in burden and depression in relation to demographic variables

of interest. One-way ANOVA was used for examining differences in coping strategies.

Findings: One-way ANOVA showed that there are significant differences among the various educational levels (p < 0.001) and the income (p < 0.005) of the caregiver in terms of overall burden. 66.4% of caregivers had a depression above the usual cutoff point for depression. An independent samples t-test for possible gender differences, showed that there is a significant difference between males

and females (p = 0.29). In regression analysis it was found that only caregiver’s income Selleckchem G418 and patient’s PD0325901 mw age are statistically significant in predicting burden and depression. When considering high-burdened caregivers results showed that there are significant differences in the use of coping strategies (p < 0.001).

Conclusions: Caregivers reported high levels of burden and depression. These outcomes of caregiving are related to several variables, but the caregiver’s income and patient’s age are predictive. Intervention strategies are needed to the vulnerable caregivers to help reduce burden and depression associated with caregiving. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives: Ganetespib clinical trial To characterize differences in joint pathology and pain behavior between two rat models of osteoarthritis (OA) in order to inform selection of animal models for interventional studies.

Method: Knee OA was induced in Sprague Dawley rats by either meniscal transection (MNX) or intra-articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA). Controls were subjected to sham surgery or saline-injection.

In a separate experiment, a single intra-articular injection of triamcinolone acetonide was administered 14 days after MNX or MIA arthritis induction. Pain behavior and joint pathology were quantified.

Results: Both models displayed synovial inflammation, chondropathy and osteophytosis. Chondropathy scores increased with time similarly in the two models. Inflammation and osteophyte scores were greater in MNX model compared to the MIA model. At day 49, the MNX model exhibited a greater number of channels crossing the osteochondral junction compared to all other groups. The MNX model exhibited greater weight bearing asymmetry compared to the MIA model, whereas the MIA model displayed more consistent hindpaw allodynia. Triamcinolone attenuated weight bearing asymmetry and distal allodynia to control levels in the MNX model, but distal allodynia was unaltered in the MIA model.