Postpartum selleck 17-AAG depression The months following childbirth have been recognized throughout history as a period of increased risk of depression for vulnerable women, although diagnostic criteria have emerged only in recent decades, and there are few well-designed controlled studies of treatment efficacy. Two defining characteristics of PPD are its occurrence at a time of large hormonal shifts and its high likelihood of recurrence with subsequent pregnancies. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Prevalence PPD is a nonpsychotic depression that meets the diagnostic criteria for major depression and occurs within several months of delivery as defined in the DSM-IV.6 The point-prevalence of PPD within 6 to 9 weeks of delivery

is about 12%. 140,141 Postpartum psychosis is uncommon, but potentially lethal to the woman or the infant, and occurs in 1 to 2 per 1000 women following childbirth, with onset usually within 2 to 4 weeks of delivery.142 Mood lability, or “baby blues” within the initial days following delivery is very common, with estimates up to 80% for brief periods of Tofacitinib baldness symptoms such Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical as

tearfulness, fatigue, and insomnia that occur within the first 2 weeks of childbirth, peaking at about Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 5 days postpartum.143 It was long believed that women were at decreased risk of depressive disorders during pregnancy, and few studies examined associations between depression during pregnancy and the postpartum period. However, studies show that depression can increase steadily from the second trimester of pregnancy to 9 weeks postpartum,140,143 with little difference in prevalence (9% in the second trimester; 12% postpartum) or even Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical greater prevalence during pregnancy than postpartum.144,145 Data also indicate that the depressive symptoms differ when compared during pregnancy and in early and later postpartum periods, corroborating both the occurrence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy and identifying differing vulnerabilities to depression throughout

pregnancy and the postpartum period.146 PPD is strongly associated with previous depressions. A recent review indicated that the increased risk was 25% for women with a history of depression, 50% Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical for women with previous PPD, and 75% for women with depression during the current pregnancy.58 Twenty-nine percent of women diagnosed with late luteal phase disorder and 43% of women diagnosed with PMS had experienced PPD, suggesting possible association with premenstrual Brefeldin_A syndromes.147,148 Other risk factors for PPD include poor social support and chronic stressors.149 Treatment of postpartum depression Reported treatments for PPD include antidepressants, hormones, and psychotherapy, but there is a paucity of well-designed controlled studies, samples are small and there are no definitive conclusions. Antidepressants Sertonergic antidepressants with reported efficacy for PPD include fluoxetine in double -blind study,150 and sertraline, venlafaxine, and fluvoxamine in open studies.