Nature 1997, 388:539–547.CrossRefPubMed 24. Selbach M, Moese S, Meyer TF, Backert S: Functional analysis this website of the Helicobacter pylori cag pathogeniCity island reveals both VirD4-CagA-dependent and VirD4-CagA-independent mechanisms. Infect Immun 2002, 70:665–671.CrossRefPubMed 25. Kunsch C, Lang RK, Rosen CA, Shannon MF: Synergistic transcriptional activation of the IL-8 gene by NF-κB p65 (RelA) and NF-IL-6. J Immunol 1994, 153:153–164.PubMed

26. Aihara M, Tsuchimoto D, Takizawa H, Azuma A, Wakebe H, Ohmoto Y, Imagawa K, Kikuchi M, Mukaida N, Matsushima K: Mechanisms involved in Helicobacter pylori -induced interleukin-8 production by a gastric cancer cell line, MKN45. Infect Immun 1997, 65:3218–3224.PubMed 27. Madrid LV, Mayo MW, Reuther JY, Baldwin AS Jr: Akt stimulates the transactivation potential of the RelA/p65 Subunit of NF-κB through utilization of the IκB kinase and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38. J Biol Chem 2001, 276:18934–18940.CrossRefPubMed 28. Foryst-Ludwig A, Naumann M: p21-activated kinase 1 activates the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-inducing kinase-IκB kinases NF-κB pathway and proinflammatory cytokines in Helicobacter pylori infection.

J Biol Chem 2000, 275:39779–39785.CrossRefPubMed 29. Arbibe L, Mira J-P, Teusch N, Kline L, Guha M, Mackman N, Godowski PJ, Ulevitch RJ, Knaus UG: Toll-like receptor 2-mediated NF-κB activation requires a Rac1-dependent pathway. Nat Immunol 2000, 1:533–540.CrossRefPubMed 30. Guha M, Mackman BMN 673 solubility dmso N: The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway limits lipopolysaccharide activation of signaling pathways and expression of inflammatory mediators in human Fludarabine monocytic cells. J Biol Chem 2002, 277:32124–32.CrossRefPubMed 31. Akopyants NS, Clifton SW, Kersulyte D, Crabtree JE, Youree BE, Reece CA, Bukanov NO, Drazek

ES, Roe BA, Berg DE: Analyses of the cag pathogeniCity island of Helicobacter pylori. Mol Microbiol 1998, 28:37–53.CrossRefPubMed 32. Mori N, Fujii M, Ikeda S, Yamada Y, Tomonaga M, Ballard DW, Yamamoto N: Constitutive activation of NF-κB in primary adult T-cell leukemia cells. Blood 1999, 93:2360–2368.PubMed Authors’ contributions ET carried out the experiments and drafted the manuscript. KT and HK collected and assembled the data. CI, SS and MT contributed to the experimental concept and design and provided technical support. MS performed immunohistochemical staining. HM and CS provided bacterial strains. FK and JF participated in the discussion on the study design. NM conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Trypanosoma cruzi the protozoan responsible for Chagas disease belongs to a group of organisms that branched very early in eukaryotic evolution.