KG, Düren, Germany) and both DNA strands were sequenced at the Un

KG, Düren, Germany) and both DNA strands were sequenced at the Unidad de Genómica (Parque Científico de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain). Analysis of DNA sequences was performed with the BLAST program available at the National Center for MI-503 price Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Acknowledgements This work was partially supported by projects AGL2009 − 08348-ALI from Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (MCYT), Spain; GR35/10-A from Banco Santander-Central Hispano-Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Spain; S − 2009/AGR − 1489 from Dirección General de Universidades e Investigación, CAL-101 solubility dmso Consejería de Educación, Comunidad de Madrid, Spain,

and Spanish-Portuguese Integrated Action HP2008-0070 selleck compound from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), Spain. E. Muñoz-Atienza is recipient of a predoctoral fellowship from UCM, Spain. C. Araújo is financially supported by a predoctoral fellowship from Fundação da Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal. C. Campanero holds a predoctoral

fellowship from UCM, Spain. The authors express their gratitude to Dr. C. Michel, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France, for providing a number of fish pathogens strains used as indicators and to Dr. C. Torres, Universidad de la Rioja, Spain; Dr. T.J. Eaton, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom, and Dr. V. Vankerckhoven, University of Antwerp, Belgium, for supplying strains used as PCR controls. References 1. FAO: FAO Fisheries Department. State of world Doxacurium chloride aquaculture

2006. FAO Fish Tech Pap 2006, 500:1–134. 2. FAO: Responsible use of antibiotics in aquaculture. FAO Fish Tech Pap 2005, 469:1–97. 3. Cabello FC: Heavy use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture: a growing problem for human and animal health and for the environment. Environ Microbiol 2006, 8:1137–1144.PubMedCrossRef 4. Austin B: The bacterial microflora of fish, revised. ScientificWorldJournal 2006, 6:931–945.PubMedCrossRef 5. Robertson PAW, O’Dowd C, Burrells C, Williams P, Austin B: Use of Carnobacterium sp. as a probiotic for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum). Aquaculture 2000, 185:235–243.CrossRef 6. Wang Y-B, Li J-R, Lin J: Probiotics in aquaculture: challenges and outlook. Aquaculture 2008, 281:1–4.CrossRef 7. Defoirdt T, Sorgeloos P, Bossier P: Alternatives to antibiotics for the control of bacterial disease in aquaculture. Curr Opin Microbiol 2011, 14:251–258.PubMedCrossRef 8. Verschuere L, Rombaut G, Sorgeloos P, Verstraete W: Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2000, 64:655–671.PubMedCrossRef 9. Gatesoupe FJ: Updating the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fish farming: natural occurrence and probiotic treatments. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2008, 14:107–114.PubMedCrossRef 10. FAO/WHO: Probiotics in food. Health and nutritional properties and guidelines for evaluation. FAO Food Nutr Pap 2006, 85:1–50. 11.

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