However, it is also likely that the presence of associated low 18F-FDG activities of some tumors or tumor regions [10] and [11] is probably due to a lack of hypoxia in such tumors or regions of the tumors. Negative 18F-FDG uptake does not necessarily mean benign disease. In both primary lesion and metastases of patients with NSCLC, Beer et al. [12] demonstrated a mismatched pattern of intratumoral distribution of 18F-FDG and 18F-galacto-RGD, that is, 18F-FDG did not accumulate as much in well-perfused regions of the tumor identified by increased 18F-galacto-RGD, which binds to the αvβ3 expressed by endothelial cells. Therefore, in patients, well-perfused cancer tissue is associated with

low 18F-FDG uptake or low glucose demand. Nivolumab datasheet Accordingly, assumptions in 18F-FDG PET interpretations for cancer management should Talazoparib cost be reconsidered because low 18F-FDG uptakes in tumor following treatment may not necessarily mean the absence of viable cancer cells. 18F-FDG preferentially accumulates in hypoxic cancer cells, and 3′-deoxy-3′-18F-fluorothymidine accumulates mostly in proliferative cancer cells, which are usually not hypoxic [7] and [9]. We have recently proposed that the combination of 18F-FDG and 3′-deoxy-3′-18F-fluorothymidine with single PET imaging would give a more accurate

representation of viable tumor tissue volume than a PET image obtained with either tracer alone [32]. We emphasize here that the DAR signal of 18F-FDG is directly contributed by positrons and not gamma photons. In a pilot study, we have inserted Apoptosis inhibitor a piece of blanket poly-l-lysine–coated glass microscope between the plate and the tumor section slide, and most 18F-FDG signals were shielded, indicating the role of the positron in 18F-FDG autoradiography. We are confident that the spatial correlation between 18F-FDG autoradiography and immunohistochemical staining photos presented in this article is true. In the mouse model of ascites

carcinoma, ascites and floating ascites carcinomas are severely hypoxic, contradicting the assumed ample oxygen condition of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma model in which the “Warburg effect” was derived from. Glucose utilization measured by 18F-FDG uptake increases in hypoxic but not normoxic cancer cells, posing a challenge for the conventional Warburg effect. The knowledge enriches the better understanding of 18F-FDG in oncology application. This study was supported, in part, by Kentucky Lung Cancer Research Program Award (cycle 9) and National Institute of Health grant R01 CA84596. The authors have no conflict of interest relevant to this article. “
“An estimated 748,300 new liver cancer cases and 695,900 cancer deaths occurred worldwide in 2008. Half of these cases and deaths were estimated to occur in China [1]. There are significant geographical differences in the morbidity and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) all over the world.