Hence, the risk of false-positive observations cannot be ruled out. However, our study had the a priori aim to compare different types of aggression measures and their relationship to the MAOA genotype. Another limitation is that our aggression measures were all based on self-report. It would be of interest to extend this study using other measures of aggression such as observational measures, diary techniques, or laboratory aggression-induction procedures. A strength of this study is that we recruited a sample that was relatively homogeneous in terms of age, education, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and ethnicity. Furthermore, participants were screened

for mental health problems before enrolling Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in the study. However, a disadvantage of our recruitment strategy is that university students are likely to score relatively low on violence and aggression compared with the general population. Although mean scores on the STAXI (both State and Trait) did not differ much from norm scores for this questionnaire, it would be of interest for future studies to use the same methods and procedures in a community sample. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical To summarize, this study showed that some of the associations between aggression, genes, and diagnosis previously observed in nonadult patient samples can be generalized to healthy young adult samples. This is reflected by elevated scores on assessments

measuring the tendency to display aggressive behaviors/thoughts in a context of sad mood, rather than in behavior or disease pattern itself. Acknowledgments This study was funded by a grant from the Netherlands Science Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Organization (N.W.O.-MaGW) to Willem Van der Does (Vici Grant no. 453-005-06). Linda Booij was funded by a career award from the Fonds de recherche du

Québec-Santé. Conflict of Interest None declared.
A 42-year-old Caucasian man was admitted to the inpatient neurology service at our hospital for evaluation of progressive neurologic deterioration. Approximately 18 months prior to admission, the patient started to have difficulty sleeping characterized by frequent nighttime Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical awakenings and daytime somnolence. After seeing a sleep specialist, he was diagnosed also with obstructive sleep apnea and periodic limb movements of sleep. Despite treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and sleep aids, he continued to have poor sleep and his abnormal movements worsened. Six months prior to admission, the patient began having spells that were characterized by video electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring as INCB28060 research buy frontal lobe seizures and was started on topiramate. Over the ensuing months leading up to admission, he experienced a cognitive decline with impaired short-term memory, disinhibition, and visual hallucinations. His gait gradually became unstable with a stooped posture which led to frequent falls. At the time of admission, he was no longer able to stand without assistance.