Fourth, it is equally clear that Vorinostat order reproductive steroids do not, by themselves, cause reproductive endocrine-related mood disorders; ie, women with these disorders are differentially sensitive to levels or changes in reproductive steroids that are without

effect on mood in women lacking these disorders. This differential sensitivity, the fact that people respond differently to the same reproductive endocrine stimulus, is important for three reasons. First, the failure to consider this phenomenon has been the keystone of the argument Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical that reproductive endocrine-related mood disorders do not exist. The syllogism is as follows: The effects of reproductive hormones should be similar across individuals; not all individuals have the same behavioral concomitants Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of changes in reproductive endocrine function; therefore, reproductive hormones have nothing to do with behavior. In other words, if changes in

reproductive steroids do not precipitate mood disorders in everyone, they must do so in no one. As will be shown below, this argument Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is fallacious and serves to obscure rather than clarify. Second, the principle that the response to a biologic stimulus depends upon the context in which the stimulus is administered is gcneralizablc and underlies much of our physiology. Third, by understanding the means by which reproductive steroids can Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical trigger affective change in some but not other women, we will be in a far more powerful position to understand the substrate underlying

susceptibility to affective disorder in general, which is better conceptualized as a differential response to a stimulus rather than as a “deficiency” state. The remainder of this paper, then, will address the central question in reproductive psychiatry/neuroscience: how is it that reproductive steroids can trigger a depression, and why does this occur only in some individuals? Reproductive steroids: modulators of brain Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical function The observed links between reproductive function and behavior date back at least several millennia to Aristotle, who noted that castration of immature male birds prevented the development of characteristic male singing and sexual behavior.1 By the end of the 19th century, Brown-Séquard and other “organotherapists” to claimed that the administration of ground-up extracts from animal gonads could successfully treat a variety of human mood disorders, including depression and the anergy of senescence:2-5 In the 1920s and 1930s, the potential mediators of these effects – the steroid hormones estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone (and not sperm, as Brown-Séquard believed) – were isolated and characterized. Forty years later, Jensen and Jacobsen” demonstrated that the actions of estradiol occurred through its binding to an intracellular protein, the estrogen receptor (HR), which was isolated and identified 4 years later.