For each, a series of regression models were built sequentially to assess the association of the following potential predictor variable groups on smoking status: (a) sociodemographics, (b) life experiences, (c) depression www.selleckchem.com/products/Tipifarnib(R115777).html symptoms, (d) health knowledge, and (e) media exposure. In this series of sequential regression models, no significant changes in the variable associations were noted. Prior to constructing the multivariate model, we examined correlations to determine if any variables were collinear. Variables that were collinear (years in the United States vs. survey language used and self-reported general health vs. depression symptom scale quartiles) were examined in the model for the best fit.

The variables about Vietnamese military/police service and reeducation camp stay were collinear, so the variable was recategorized to include those participants who were either in Vietnamese military/police service or in reeducation camp versus neither. Given the potential for cohort effects, we also examined interactions between age and the covariates. We modified the age variable into a continuous variable with 10-year increments and the education variable into lower (less than or equal to high school) versus higher (more than or equal to some college) educational levels in order to facilitate our interaction analysis. The education variable was dichotomized since the lower education levels were behaving in a similar manner as were the higher education levels, and this categorization has been used in other Asian American surveys (Tong, Tang, Tsoh, Wong, & Chen, 2009).

We calculated adjusted odds ratio with 95% CIs, with a significance level of p < .05 for all statistical tests. Results Among California Vietnamese female respondents, <1% were current smokers, <2% were former smokers, and 97% were never-smokers. Vietnamese female smoking status did not differ by age or acculturation measures used in the survey, but the number of current Brefeldin_A smokers in the cells was very small (<5). Among California Vietnamese male respondents, 25% were current smokers, 24% were former smokers, and 51% were never-smokers. Most (94%) interviews were conducted in Vietnamese. Due to the low prevalence of Vietnamese female current and former smoking, the remaining results focus on Vietnamese men. Demographics and smoking-related health behavior Table 1 displays demographics, health behavior and knowledge, and tobacco media exposure of Vietnamese men by smoking status. Among all male current smokers, 71.6% started smoking their first whole cigarette before reaching age 18 (M: 17.3 �� 0.29 years). Additionally, 62.8% started regularly smoking before reaching age 20 (M: 20.8 �� 0.36 years).