DeoR shows 51% identity to the B. subtilis DeoR repressor protein [65, 66]. Genes encoding deoxyribose-phosphate aldolase, nucleoside uptake protein and pyrimidine nucleoside

phosphorylase in B. subtilis are organized in a dra-nupC-pdp operon followed by Combretastatin A4 deoR, and ribose was shown to release DeoR from DNA binding and thus repression of the operon genes are alleviated [65–67]. The B. subtilis pentomutase and purine-nucleoside phosphorylase are encoded from a drm-pupG operon which is not negatively regulated by DeoR, though both operons are subject to CcpA mediated CCR [65, 66, 68]. As a cre site is found preceding the L. sakei deoC (Table 2), the operon could be regulated by CcpA as well. It is interesting that deoR is the only strongly induced transcriptional regulator gene in all three strains, and the encoded regulator has sigma (σ) factor activity. We can only speculate whether it could function as activator of transcription on some of the regulated genes in

this study. Expression of the Xpk encoding gene of Lactobacillus pentosus was reported to be induced by sugars fermented through the PKP and repressed by glucose mediated by CcpA [69]. Indeed, the cre site overlapping ATG start codon of L. sakei xpk (Table 2) indicates relief of CcpA-mediated CCR during growth on ribose. Also for several genes involved in alternative fates of pyruvate, putative cre sites were present (Table 2). Several genes and operons involved in Torin 1 in vivo transport and metabolism of various carbohydrates such as mannose, galactose, fructose, lactose, cellobiose, 17-AAG solubility dmso N-acetylglucosamine, including putative sugar kinases and PTSs, were induced during growth on ribose (Table 1), and as Ergoloid shown in Table 2, putative cre sites are located in the promoter region of many of these up-regulated genes and

operons. 23K showed an up-regulation of genes involved in the arginine deiminase pathway, and 23K and LS 25 showed an up-regulated threonine deaminase (Table 1). The arcA and tdcB both have putative cre sites in their promoter regions (Table 2). Thus ribose seems to induce a global regulation of carbon metabolism in L. sakei. A putative cre site precedes the glp operon (Table 2), suggesting regulation mediated by CcpA. However, regulation of the L. sakei GlpK may also occur by an inducer exclusion-based CcpA-independent CCR mechanism as described in enterococci and B. subtilis [70, 71], and as previously suggested by Stentz et al. [15]. By this mechanism, glycerol metabolism is regulated by PEP-dependent, EI- and HPr-catalyzed phosphorylation of GlpK in response to the presence or absence of a PTS substrate.