(c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“OBJECTIVE: Hypomania accounts for approximately 4% to 13% of psychotropic adverse events during subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson’s disease. Diffusion of current into the inferior and medial “”limbic”" STN is often reported to be the cause. We suggest a different explanation, in which the coactivation of the medial forebrain bundle

(MFB), outside the STN, leads to hypomania during STN DBS.

METHODS: Six patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease (age, 54 +/- 11 years) underwent bilateral STN DBS surgery. Preoperative diffusion tensor imaging scans for fiber tracking PF-562271 ic50 of the MFB were conducted on a 3T magnetic resonance imaging scanner. After implantation, the electrode positions were determined SB431542 nmr with computed tomography and integrated in a diffusion tensor imaging software environment.

RESULTS:The medial STN was shown to send tributaries to the MFB using it as a pathway to connect to the reward circuitry. One patient, who had a transient, stimulation-induced acute hypomanic episode, showed a direct contact between 1 active electrode contact and these putative limbic STN tributaries to the MFB unilaterally on the left. In 5 asymptomatic patients, the active contacts were between 2.9 and 7.5 mm distant from the MFB or its limbic STN tributaries.

CONCLUSION: We hypothesize that STN

DBS-induced reversible acute hypomania might be elicited by inadvertent and unilateral coactivation of putative limbic STN tributaries to the MFB. These findings may provide insight into the neural pathways of hypomania and may facilitate future investigations of the pathophysiology of mood disorders.”
“Acute Volasertib chemical structure viral respiratory infections are among the most common causes of human disease. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of viral respiratory infections is important for providing timely therapeutic interventions. This study evaluated a new multiplex PCR assay (Seegene Inc., Seoul, Korea) for simultaneous detection and identification of 12 respiratory viruses

using two primer mixes. The viruses included parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, and 3, human meta pneumovirus, human coronavirus 229E/NL63 and OC43, adenovirus, influenza viruses A and B, human respiratory syncytial viruses A and B, and human rhinovirus A. The analytical sensitivity of the assay was 10-100 copies per reaction for each type of virus. There was no cross-reactivity with common bacterial or viral pathogens. A comparison with conventional viral culture and immunofluorescence was carried out using 101 respiratory specimens from 92 patients. Using viral culture, 57 specimens (56.4%) were positive without co-infection. The same viruses were identified in all 57 specimens using the multiplex PCR. Seven of the 57 specimens (12.3%) were found to be co-infected with other respiratory viruses, and 19 of 44 (43.