81 ± 0.05 0.84 ± 0.04
0.82 ± 0.04 Resting heart rate (bpm) 66 ± 5 68 ± 5 62 ± 10 Resting SBP (mmHg) 117 ± 6 114 ± 11 111 ± 11 Resting DBP (mmHg) 74 ± 8 73 ± 9 61 ± 8 Years resistance exercise training 7 ± 8 4 ± 3 7 ± 6 Hours per week resistance exercise 4 ± 3 4 ± 1 4 ± 1 Years aerobic exercise training 4 ± 4 3 Cilengitide in vitro ± 3 5 ± 4 Hours per week aerobic exercise 2 ± 1 2 ± 2 2 ± 1 Data are mean ± SD. Study 1: cross-over design with subjects consuming either 1.25 or 5.00 grams of betaine in a single ingestion. Study 2: cross-over design with subjects consuming 2.5 grams of betaine or a placebo daily for 14 days; 21 day washout period between each condition. Study 3: subjects consumed 6 grams of betaine daily for 7 days. Screening For all studies, during the initial visit to the laboratory, subjects completed the informed consent form, health and physical activity questionnaires. Subjects’ heart rate and blood pressure, height, weight, waist and hip circumference, and skinfold thickness (7 site) was measured and used for descriptive purposes. Subjects were provided with food logs and instructions regarding how to
complete these logs during the day prior to each test day. Testing For all studies, subjects reported to the laboratory in the morning hours (6:00-9:00 am) following a 10 hour overnight fast. Upon arrival to the lab, subjects rested for 10 minutes. The betaine used in all studies was delivered in powder form (BetaPower™; 99% pure betaine anhydrous; Danisco; Copenhagen, Pevonedistat datasheet Denmark). Specific procedures for each of the three studies are provided below. Study 1 Effect of acute ingestion of betaine at two different dosages on plasma nitrate/nitrite: Subjects reported to the lab on two different days separated by one week. During both visits subjects consumed betaine mixed in 240 mL of water at a dosage of either 1.25 or 5.00 grams.
The order of the dosing was randomized and subjects were blind to the dosage. Blood samples were taken before (after the 10 Olaparib mouse minute quiet rest period) and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes following ingestion in order to determine MG-132 price the effect of a single dosage of betaine on plasma nitrate/nitrite. No food or calorie containing beverages were allowed during the test period, although water was allowed ad libitum and matched for each subject during both days of testing. Study 2 Effect of chronic ingestion of betaine on plasma nitrate/nitrite: Subjects were randomly assigned in double-blind manner using a cross-over design to betaine (2.5 grams of betaine powder mixed into 500 mL of Gatorade®) or placebo (500 mL of Gatorade®). Subjects were instructed to consume 250 mL twice per day. Betaine powder is tasteless to most individuals when mixed into 500 mL of Gatorade®. To better ensure that subjects consumed the entire dosage of 2.