, 2011a, b). In Colpoda cucullus, the cells are surrounded by an outermost layer (ectocyst) of the cyst wall in 2–3 h after onset of encystment induction (Funatani et al., 2010). http://www.selleckchem.com/products/atezolizumab.html In this stage, many small chromatin granules are extruded from the macronucleus to the cytoplasm to be digested (Funatani et al., 2010), and thereafter (7 h in earliest case), a large mass of chromatin is often extruded from the macronucleus (Kidder & Claff, 1938). The extruded chromatin is degraded by autophagy (Akematsu & Matsuoka, 2008; Funatani et al.,

2010). At this stage, mitochondrial membrane potential disappears (Funatani et al., 2010), indicating the arrest of mitochondrial electron transport chain activity. Thereafter, mitochondria-like organelles and cytoskeletal elements including ciliary structure are disintegrated (Funatani et al., 2010). Intracellular signaling pathways inducing the encystment of C. cucullus are activated by an inflow of Ca2+ that is promoted by an overpopulation-mediated cell-to-cell mechanical stimulation in the presence of external Ca2+ (Yamaoka et al., 2004; Maeda et al., 2005; BTK inhibitor Matsuoka et al., 2009; Asami et al., 2010; Sogame et al., 2011b). In the encystment of C. cucullus, protein phosphorylation has been suggested to be involved in signal

transduction pathways for encystment; in this case, the phosphorylation level of several proteins was shown to be enhanced prior to the beginning of encystment (within 1 h after onset of Org 27569 encystment induction) (Sogame et al., 2011a, b). In vivo protein phosphorylation of these proteins also requires an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration (Sogame et al., 2011b). Identification of encystment-specific phosphorylated proteins and visualization of their localization are required to understand the functions of these proteins in the encystment process. In this study, therefore, the localization of phosphorylated proteins in encysting C. cucullus was examined by means of immunofluorescence microscopy, and

the results showed that they were associated with intracellular structures, including organelles. Furthermore, we isolated some phosphorylated proteins in encystment-induced C. cucullus and identify them by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Colpoda cucullus was cultured in a 0.05% (w/v) infusion of dried wheat leaves inoculated with bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae). The bacteria were cultured on agar plates containing 1.5% agar, 0.5% polypepton, 1% meat extract, and 0.5% NaCl. The cells of C. cucullus cultured for 1–2 days were washed in 1 mM Tris–HCl (pH 7.2) by centrifugation (1500 g for 2 min). To induce encystment, the cells collected by centrifugation (1500 g for 2 min) were suspended in a solution containing 1 mM Tris–HCl (pH 7.2) and 0.