05�C1.46, p = .014). The interaction reflects significantly increased abstinence observed in VNTR long allele carriers selleck inhibitor randomized to bupropion compared to placebo (OR [95% CI] of 5.70 [2.39�C13.62], 5.50 [2.14�C14.16], 10.36 [2.80�C38.31], and 2.83 [0.89�C9.00], respectively, for the four timepoints considered), compared to abstinence rates that do not significantly differ by treatment in individuals without the long allele, except at the first timepoint (1.79 [1.06�C3.02], 1.58 [0.92�C2.73], 1.12 [0.61�C2.05], and 0.92 [0.48�C1.74]). We selected a pharmacogenetic efficacy trial (Lerman et al., 2003) that randomized treatment-seeking smokers to active or placebo bupropion in a double-blind manner (the Lerman et al.

(2003) trial), genotyped the VNTR, and assessed association of VNTR genotype, treatment, and genotype by treatment interaction with end-of-treatment (EOT), 6-month (6MO), and 12-month (12MO) point prevalence or continuous abstinence in multivariate logistic and longitudinal regression analyses. We performed genotype-stratified analyses as secondary analyses. We compared our results to those of Leventhal et al. (2012) and considered what participant characteristics, trial treatments, and analysis approaches might explain differences in significant findings. METHODS Participants Lerman et al. (2003) recruited treatment-seeking smokers through advertisements in Washington, DC, and in Buffalo, NY, for a pharmacogenetic efficacy trial (Lerman et al., 2003). Research protocols were approved by Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) at Georgetown University and at the University at Buffalo, State University of New York.

Inclusion criteria included ��10 cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) for the past year, age ��18 years, and informed consent for both genotyping and treatment. Exclusion criteria included pregnancy or lactation, uncontrolled hypertension, unstable angina, heart attack or stroke within the past 6 months, current treatment or recent diagnosis of cancer, drug or alcohol dependence, current diagnosis or history of a psychiatric disorder, seizure disorder, and current use of bupropion- or nicotine-containing products other than cigarettes. The trial randomized treatment-seeking smokers who were eligible to participate in bupropion or placebo treatment in double-blind fashion, and all participants received up to seven sessions of counseling that took place during clinic visits.

Subjects started assigned medication (150mg the first week and 300mg thereafter) 2 weeks before, and continued with the medication for 8 weeks after, the target quit day. Abstinence was assessed via self-report at clinic visits Dacomitinib and phone interviews using the calendar and timeline followback methods and verified by carbon monoxide testing and cotinine measurement.