75 g/kg ethanol (n = 5) 10 minutes before Selleck PFT�� perfusion fixation of the rabbit liver. The average weight of rabbits in these experiments was 2.9 ± 0.25 kg (n = 18) and was not significantly different

between different groups. Blood sampling Blood was obtained from the central ear artery and anticoagulated with 1/10 volume of trisodium citrate. Samples were taken after Talazoparib in vitro an overnight fast. Determination of ethanol concentrations in plasma Plasma ethanol concentrations were measured using the alcohol dehydrogenase assay-based ethyl alcohol Flex™ reagent cartridge (Dade Behring Inc., Newark, DE, U.S.A.) on a Dade Behring Dimension® automated clinical chemistry analyzer (Dade Behring Inc.). Quantification of the size of sinusoidal fenestrae by transmission electron microscopy Perfusion of the rabbit liver with a fixative solution was performed essentially as described before [18–20]. After isoflurane anesthesia and exposure of the liver by laparotomy, the hepatic artery and common bile duct were clamped and two ligatures were placed GDC-0449 cell line around the portal vein. A sharpened 14-gauge pipette was introduced in the portal vein and fixed by tightening the two ligatures. Perfusion fixation was performed at a pressure of 15 cm H2O with 250 to 300 ml of 1.5% glutaraldehyde fixative buffered in 0.067 M cacodylate at pH 7.4. The inferior caval vein was transsected at the start of the perfusion. The perfusion was continued until

the colour of the liver changed from dark reddish brown to yellow brown and the consistency from soft to stiff (equivalent to the stiffness of a hard boiled egg). The liver was removed and thin slices were cut with a razor blade into 30–40 1 mm3 blocks from a left liver lobe as well as from a right liver lobe. These blocks were washed in cacodylate buffer and transferred to a 1% OsO4 fixative solution buffered with phosphate buffered saline 0.1 M pH 7.4 for subsequent immersion fixation during 1 hour at 4°C. After washing in phosphate buffered saline 0.1 M pH 7.4, dehydration was carried out rapidly in graded ethanol series

(70°–100°), followed by embedding Y-27632 2HCl in Epon. Sections with a thickness of 2 μm were cut for light microscopy to check the quality of the fixation and embedding. Subsequently, ultrathin sections for transmission electron microscopy were cut with an ultramicrotome with diamond knife. These sections have a typical thickness of 60 nm. Five to ten ultrathin sections with a length and width of 500 to 1000 μm were mounted on 75 mesh copper grids (3 mm diameter) with a carbon-coated Formvar film, and subsequently contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. As a size reference, a calibration grid with a spacing of 463 nm was photographed at a magnification of 8400 × at the beginning of each session. The specimens were examined at the University of Maastricht (EM unit, Pathology) in a Philips CM 100 (F.E.I., Eindhoven, The Netherlands) at 80 kV.