05). c = significant difference between CAF + PLA and PLA + CHO (p < .05). f = significant difference between PLA + CHO and PLA + PLA (p < .05). Values are mean ± standard deviation. Mean power Figure 2B summarizes changes in mean power during the RSE for each treatment. There was a significant treatment × time interaction for mean power (F = 1.64, η 2 = 0.14, p < .05). In PLA + CHO, mean power differed from PLA + PLA at set 6 of RSE (p < .05), but no difference was observed between CAF + PLA, CAF + CHO, PLA + CHO, and PLA + PLA across all other sets (p > .05). Mean power was buy Sapanisertib higher in set 1 than subsequent sprint sets across all treatments (p < .05). Total work There was a significant treatment × time
interaction for total work (F = 1.64, η 2 = 0.03, p < .05). ��-Nicotinamide nmr Compared with the PLA + PLA condition, total work in set 6 of PLA + CHO was significantly increased by 5.2% (F = 3.20, η 2 = 0.24, p < .05) and greater by 4.1% (F = 3.26, η 2 = 0.25, p < .05) versus CAF + PLA during RSE; however, total work with CAF + CHO
did not differ from CAF + PLA or PLA + PLA in any of the other sets (p > .05) (Figure 2C). Total work declined across sets in all treatments (p < .01). Individual responses in total work are shown in Figure 2D. Most participants expressed minimal changes in work, although Selleckchem S3I-201 subject 3 revealed lower performance after CAF + CHO supplementation. RSE decrement, HR, and RPE Sprint decrement in total work was not significantly different between CAF + PLA (18.5 ± 5.5%), CAF + CHO (15.5 ± 4.6%), PLA + CHO (16.2 ± 4.3%), or PLA + PLA (17.3 ± 2.8%) (F = 1.33, η 2 = 0.12, p > .05). As shown in Figure 3, average HR during each set of the RSE was significantly higher in CAF + CHO compared with CAF + PLA, PLA + CHO, and PLA + PLA (F = 7.76, η 2 = 0.44, p < .01). There was a significant change in HR across sets (F = 80.49, η 2 = 0.89, p < .01), as HR increased from values equal to 144.5 ± 3.0 beats/min (95%
CI = 137.9 ± 151.1 beats/min) from set 1 to near 164.4 ± 3 beats/min (95% CI = 158.7 ± 170.2 beats/min) at set 10. However, no interaction was revealed for heart rate (F = 0.97, η 2 = 0.09, Selleckchem Alectinib p > .05). In addition, there was no significant treatment × time interaction for RPE during the RSE (F = 1.55, η 2 = 0.13, p > .05), whereas, RPE significantly increased during RSE in all treatments (p < .05) (Figure 4). Figure 3 Change in heart rate during each set of the repeated sprint test for the conditions of caffeine + placebo (CAF + PLA), caffeine + carbohydrate (CAF + CHO), placebo + carbohydrate (PLA + CHO), and placebo + placebo (PLA + PLA). * = significant time effect (p < .01). a = significant difference between CAF + CHO and PLA + CHO (p < .05). b = significant difference between CAF + CHO and PLA + PLA (p < .05). e = significant difference between CAF + PLA and PLA + CHO (p < .05). Values are mean ± standard deviation.