To fabricate the sandwich type immunosensor, avidin  of CNTs to capture biotinylated anti mouse IgG. Then, the target mouse IgG was sandwiched between the biotinylated anti mouse IgG and alkaline phosphatase XL147 SAR245408 conjugated antimouse IgG. The alkaline phosphatase catalyzed the conversion of electroactive p AP from non electroactive p aminophenyl phosphate. The enhancement of the generation of p AP upon increase of the concentration of target mouse IgG resulted in the strength of the signal. The thin films of MWCNTs and SWCNTs gave the detection limits of 10 pg/mL and 100 pg/mL, respectively. They are comparable to those of sensors with a commonly employed enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. 5.
Application of CNTs Based Sensors to Real Sample Analysis CNTs based sensors can be applied in real sample analysis in different areas such as biomedical, food, agriculture, and fishing industries. There are many biomedical sensing applications where CNTsbased sensors perform better in real sample analysis. CNTs based sensors can be used in commercial food samples to detect undesired chemical residues resulting from animal drugs, food additives, pesticides, and other environmental contaminants in raw and processed foods. Rahman et al. determined the lactate concentration in commercial milk using CNTs based electrochemical biosensor and compared the result with that obtained from a biochemical analyzer. The biosensor result was found to be in good agreement with the result from biochemical analyzer. CNTs based electrochemical sensors are also widely used in real blood and urine samples analyses.
Table 1 summarizes the applications of some CNTs based electrochemical sensors to real sample analyses. A highly selective oxidative cycloaddition of chiral enol ethers and hydroxynaphthoquinone is described. This convergent strategy is amenable to an enantioselective synthesis of rubromycin and related naphthoquinone spiroketals. Several compounds were found to inhibit DNA polymerase and telomerase in a manner resembling rubromycin and rubromycin. Rubromycin belongs to a unique family of optically active spiroketal natural products with a rich and emerging history.1 Brockmann first isolated rubromycin, rubromycin, and ? rubromycin in 1966 from strains of Streptomyces collinus bacteria. 2 However, Zeeck later revisited the structure in 2000 and assigned it as the p quinone.
3 With assistance from Bringmann, an S configuration was assigned to the unique spiroketal in 2b using circular dichroism.4 Rubromycin and ? rubromycin inhibited telomerase with an IC50 of less than 3 M.1 On the other hand, rubromycin proved inactive, exhibiting efficacy well outside the window of the assay.1 Because of this discrepancy between 1 and 2 and 3, Hayashi proposed that the spiroketal moiety found in the structure of the inhibitors was responsible for their efficacy and as a privileged structural component offered a good starting point for synthetic chemists. From a synthetic perspective, rubromycins pose several interesting questions.1 These molecules are presumably biosynthesized as single enantiomers. However, each contains a single spiroketal stereocenter. Therefore, these compounds do not appear to be biosynthesized by a conventional thermodynamic ketalization.