05) and decreases in negative affect (p < .05), craving for positive reinforcement (p < .001), craving for negative reinforcement (p < .002), and nicotine withdrawal (p < .002) following smoking http://www.selleckchem.com/products/kpt-330.html (see Figure 4B). No effects of the delay period monetary condition were demonstrated. Study 1 Discussion Smoking lapse behavior varied as a function of nicotine deprivation and monetary condition. Increasing levels of nicotine deprivation and decreasing levels of monetary reinforcement reduced the ability to resist smoking. For the 6-hr deprivation window, designed to target increases in craving responses, the $0.25 condition (per 5-min delay) demonstrated target model behavior (i.e., delaying for approximately ~25 min of the 50 min period).

The 18-hr deprivation window, designed to target increases in other tobacco withdrawal symptoms, including craving, demonstrated target model behavior with a $1.00 level of reinforcement (per 5-min delay). Importantly, gender, motivation to quit (within our sample of nontreatment seekers), income, and level of nicotine dependence (within our restricted smoking range of 10�C30 cigarettes/day) did not impact on the ability to resist smoking, suggesting that results are generalizable across these factors. As expected, nicotine deprivation increased craving, negative mood, and nicotine withdrawal and decreased positive mood during the delay period, and smoking alleviated these effects. Further, nicotine deprivation increased satisfaction, reward, aversion (i.e., dizziness), and decreased craving relief following smoking.

For Study 2, we decided to use the 18-hr deprivation window to target increases in craving and other withdrawal symptoms. On the basis of Study 1 results, we paired the 18-hr deprivation window with the $1.00 reinforcement level. Study 2 Methods: Validating the Smoking Lapse Model All participant criteria, methods, and procedures for Study 2 were identical to Study 1, except where otherwise noted. Subjects Subjects were eligible to enroll in this study if they smoked at least 10 cigarettes/day for the past year and were excluded if they had medical conditions that would contraindicate the use of varenicline or bupropion. Seventy subjects were randomized to medication, and 62 subjects completed the study. Demographic and smoking variables did not differ by medication group (see Table 1). Design This study examined the effect of smoking cessation medications on smoking lapse behavior modeled in the laboratory. Subjects were randomized to receive either placebo, varenicline (Chantix?) 2 mg/day, or sustained-release bupropion (Zyban?) 300 mg/day Cilengitide for a 7-day period and then completed one laboratory session. Subjects were paid a total of $506 for completing the study.