The concentration of butyrate we used is well within the concentrations known to occur in the lumen of the lower gastrointestinal tract [37]. Figure  2C shows that zinc at 0.1 to 0.5 mM significantly protected cells from the drop in TER inflicted by XO + 400 μM hypoxanthine. Likewise, Figure  2D shows that 0.1 to 0.3 mM zinc, but not 0.4 mM zinc,

reduced Stx2 translocation triggered by XO + 400 µM hypoxanthine. Thus, while Figure  2C did not show the arch shape seen in Figure  1C, Figure  2D does have the “U” shape similar to that seen in Figure  1D with hydrogen peroxide as the injuring oxidant. In monolayers treated with hypoxanthine + XO, the amount of Stx2 that translocated across the monolayer in 24 h was 8.5 ± 3.0% (mean ± SD

of 5 experiments) of the total amount added to the upper chamber. find more Figures  1 and 2 showed that zinc acetate could protect against oxidant-induced drop in TER, a measure of intestinal barrier function, and inhibit the translocation of Stx2 Cabozantinib ic50 across T84 cell monolayers as well. Figure 2 Effect of hypoxanthine plus xanthine oxidase on barrier function and Stx2 translocation in T84 cells. Panels A-C show effects on TER, while Panel D shows effect on Stx2 translocation. The “standard” concentration of hypoxanthine was 400 μM if not otherwise stated, and the standard concentration of XO was 1 U/mL. Panel A, effect of Olopatadine various concentrations of hypoxanthine on TER. The “zero” hypoxanthine condition received 1% DMSO vehicle alone. Panel B, additive effect of zinc with butyrate on TER. Panel C, protection by zinc against the drop in TER induced by hypoxanthine plus XO. Panel D, protection by zinc against Stx2 translocation triggered by hypoxanthine plus xanthine oxidase. In Figure  3 we examined the effects of other metals on TER and Stx2 translocation. We focused on the transition metals nearest to zinc in atomic number, including manganese, iron, nickel, and copper. Figure  3A shows the effects of two of these metals on TER, while Panels B-D show

the effects on Stx2 translocation. Figure  3A shows that in contrast to zinc (top curve), FeSO4 and MnCl2 had no protective effect against the drop in TER triggered by XO + hypoxanthine. Copper (as CuSO4) also failed to protect against the drop in TER (data not shown). When Stx2 translocation was measured, FeSO4 seemed to slightly enhance Stx2 translocation triggered by H2O2 (Figure  3B), but this did not reach statistical significance. Nevertheless, iron has been shown to be able to potentiate oxidant-induced damage, and this has often been attributed to iron’s ability to catalyze the Fenton reaction, in which H2O2 is split into 2 molecules of hydroxyl radical (HO•). Figure  3C shows that manganese (as MnCl2) failed to protect against Stx22 translocation, and at 0.