Assuming that persons with self-reported HBV truly had chronic HBV infection, these rates of physician follow-up for HBV are low among all racial/ethnic groups. The results Tanespimycin datasheet reported by Hu et al. suggest that screening efforts need to be more targeted in accordance with CDC recommendations. Not all racial/ethnic “minorities” need to be screened and providers as well as communities need to be better educated. Specifically, Hispanics, who constitute the vast majority of foreign-born persons currently living in the U.S., have a very low prevalence of HBsAg and do not need to be routinely screened for HBV (with the possible exception of those born in Haiti, the Dominican Republic,

Guatemala, and Jamaica). Instead, SB203580 cost interventions are needed to reach out to, screen, vaccinate, and potentially treat foreign-born persons from East and Southeast Asia and Africa. In response to the Institute of Medicine recommendations, the Viral Hepatitis Action Plan was drafted by the Department of Health and Human Services, a 76-page document that proposes actions to improve viral hepatitis diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and care.[15] Of particular relevance was the commitment to “provide resources for the expansion of community-based programs that provide hepatitis B screening, testing, and vaccination services that target foreign-born populations.” Community-based programs that bring together the API community,

healthcare systems, local government, and public health agencies can perform efficient, culturally appropriate outreach. Such innovative examples include the San Francisco Hep B Free campaign,[16] the BfreeNYC campaign in New York City,[17] and Stanford University’s Jade Ribbon Campaign,[18] which have enhanced HBV testing and provided treatment

for patients who tested positive. These campaigns may serve as models that could be replicated in other appropriate cities or counties with large API communities, as in fact has already happened in the case of Hep B Free campaigns in Santa Clara County, Alameda County, San Mateo, San Diego, and Philadelphia. Universal screening and vaccination in refugee and immigrant health centers can also efficiently reach foreign-born dipyridamole U.S. residents and should ideally be linked to free or low-cost treatment options for patients who test positive. Foreign-born persons who apply for (adjustment of status to) permanent residency are required to have a “Report of Medical Examination and Vaccination Record” form (I-693) completed by a registered civil surgeon and submitted to the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). The aim is to establish absence of specific health conditions that make the applicant inadmissible to the U.S. on public health grounds (including tuberculosis, syphilis, and leprosy, but not HIV since 2010) and the presence of “age-appropriate” vaccinations.