50,56–65 The conserved conformation

50,56–65 The conserved conformation learn more of main chain from H-2Kb-bound peptides has been observed in several crystal structures without similarity of amino acid sequences62,63 (Fig. 6a). These observations indicate the importance of the side chain structures of natural amino acids in TCR recognition of variant peptides with point mutations at anchor motifs or TCR contact sites62,63,65,66 (Fig. 6b; Tables 2 and 3). Inconsistent with the observation that the peptide–MHC side is more tolerant to subtle changes

at the side chain, the TCR distinguishes various side chains at the peptide–TCR interface (Table 1; Figs 1c and 2a). Notwithstanding the significance of analogous side chains at TCR contact sites, the variant peptide consisting of natural amino acids inhibits the recognition of specific TCR with the analogous functional group indicating that the TCR has recognised the steric structure of the functional

group instead of side chain conformations at the TCR contact site65,66 (Fig. 2a). Although the interaction of peptide and TCR has been modelled with simulation, similarity and software analysis for each TCR contact residue of epitopes, the interface between peptides and TCR is still selleck kinase inhibitor far behind the expectation for accurate and precise epitope prediction.31,55 The lack of solid data on the interaction between peptide and TCR, and hence the lack of appropriate prediction Isoconazole criteria, hinders the progress of prediction from better immunoinformatical programmes. We have developed an amino acid substitution approach to elucidate the impact of single amino acid substitutions of the TCR contact site on the prediction accuracy of immunoinformatical programmes (Table 1; Figs 1, 2 and 3). None of the programmes that this research employed predicted the epitopes of variant peptides with accuracy and precision except BioXGEM, which is

integrated with the interaction information of the peptide–TCR contact interface, which offered consistent prediction results compared with those from laboratory experiments. (Tables 2 and 3; Figs 2 and 3). The importance of the TCR contact site has been demonstrated in three experimental systems, photoaffinity labelling of the peptide, peptide–MHC class I binding experiments and functional recognition assays of variant peptides by specific CD8 T lymphocytes, in three different pathogens, Plasmodium,26 RSV and influenza A/WSN/33 virus (Figs 1, 2 and 3). The binding of peptides to MHC class I molecules should no longer be the only essential criterion for epitope prediction. TCR contact residues are as essential as anchor motifs for recognition by CD8 T lymphocytes. The TCR contact residue is another imperative domain to be integrated into immunoinformatical programmes for epitope prediction.

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