To exclusively assess biodegradability of domestic wastewater, and the effects of alkalinity and particulates on current density, a dual-chamber MXC was operated with acetate medium, and filtered and raw domestic wastewater as alkalinity concentration was varied. A dual chamber microbial electrochemical cell (MXC) was used for this study. Briefly describing MXC design, two cylindrical plexiglass tubes consisted of anode and cathode chambers, and anion exchange membrane was placed between the two chambers. By integrating carbon fibers with a stainless steel current collector, the anode surface

area per membrane was increased at 1600 m2/m2 approximately, along with electrode distance less than 1 cm. The literature [2] provides detailed information on MXC configuration; current density was expressed buy Doxorubicin per the surface area of the membrane for simplicity in this study. Recycle activated sludge (RAS) was collected from the Waterloo Wastewater Treatment Plant (Waterloo, Ontario, Canada) to inoculate the MXC. 15 mL of RAS was added to the anode chamber, the chamber was sparged with ultra-pure nitrogen (99.999%) for 20 min, and then acetate medium (25 mM

sodium acetate) was fed to the MXC as the electron donor and buy Pirfenidone carbon source. The composition of the acetate medium was (per litre of 18.2 MΩ cm MilliQ water) 2050 mg CH3COONa, 2274 mg KH2PO4, 11,678 mg Na2HPO4∙12H2O, FeCl2∙2H2O 3.255 mg, 18.5 mg Na2S∙9H2O, 840 mg NaHCO3, 37 mg NH4Cl, 25 mg MgCl2∙6H2O, 6 mg MnCl2∙4H2O, 0.1 mg CuSO4∙5H2O, 0.1 mg Sunitinib supplier Na2WO4∙2H2O, 0.1 mg NaHSeO3, 0.01 mg CaCl2∙2H2O, 0.5 mg ZnCl2, 0.1 mg AlK(SO4)2, 0.1 mg H3BO3, 0.1 mg Na2MoO4∙2H2O, 0.2 mg NiCl2, 5 mg EDTA, 1 mg CO(NO3)2∙6H2O, 0.2 mg NiCl2∙6H2O.

To mitigate contamination during experiments the medium was autoclaved and then sparged with the ultra-pure nitrogen for 30 min before being fed to the MXC. Medium pH was constant at 7.5 ± 0.15. A reference electrode (Ag/AgCl reference electrode, MF-2052, Bioanalytical System Inc. USA) was placed within ∼1 cm distant from the anode to fix the anode potential at −0.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode using a potentiostat (BioLogic, VSP, Gamble Technologies, Canada). The cathode chamber was filled with tap water in which hydrogen gas is produced. Under this potentiostat mode, cathode potential responds to current density and overpotentials in the MXC [17] and [35]. The applied voltage (cathode potential–anode potential) was constant at 0.85 ± 0.5 V during the acclimation phase. Electrode potentials and currents were recorded at every 60 s using EC-Lab for windows v 10.23 software in a personal computer connected with the potentiostat. The MXC was mixed at 150 rpm using a multi-position magnetic stirrer (Model 650, VWR International Inc. Canada), and operated in a temperature-controlled room at 25 ± 1 °C.

In the same tables, values within parentheses represent the percentage Afatinib molecular weight of differences compared with baseline. This was computed as (x0 − x)/x0 × 100%, where x0 is the initial value (at inclusion) and x the actual value (after 30 and 60 d, respectively). Owing to the number of subjects (29) in each group, we chose t repartition, which requires a near-gaussian distribution

of data and similar standard deviations in the compared groups. Before the statistical analysis, variables were examined for normal distribution as determined by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk tests. To verify the similarity of dispersions, the Levene test was used. For biochemical analyses, blood samples of fasting venous blood were taken in the morning Alectinib and after 30 d and then 60 d of treatment. Commercial tubes were used

to collect the blood for biochemical parameter determination. Basic biochemical parameters such as lipid profile (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol, and triacylglycerols) and inflammatory markers (serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP]) were analyzed in serum by standard biochemical procedures using the Cobas Integra 400 Plus automatic analyzer and kits (Roche, Switzerland). N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) was determined using the Cobas h232 analyzer and tests (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). Secondary outcomes were the CCS angina class as assessed by a physician during the subject’s interview, the mean number of angina attacks per week, and the SAQ scores obtained at inclusion and the final many visit after 60 d. The questionnaires were completed by the subjects or

with the help of a relative or nurse. Regarding the number of angina episodes per week and nitroglycerin consumption, subjects were instructed to keep a diary with the number of angina episodes they had and the number of nitroglycerin tablets they used. The SAQ is a 19-item questionnaire intended to measure functional status in subjects with coronary artery disease [22] and [23]. Two emergency telephone numbers were given to the subjects to maintain contact during the study in case of adverse events or other concerns related to the study. Participants were instructed to inform the test supervisor if they chose to discontinue the study owing to adverse effects. There was a significant decrease of hs-CRP in all groups at the 30-d and 60-d visits (Table 2). This decrease was greater for group 3 (CF), followed by group 2 (resveratrol plus CF). After 30 d, group 3 continued to show the greatest decrease (22%), followed by groups 1 and 2 (almost insignificant). After 60 d, group 2 exceeded group 1 (30.3% versus 24.6%), but group 3 (CF) still showed the most significant decrease (39.7%). Table 2 presents the changes in NT-proBNP in all groups. NT-proBNP was significantly lowered by resveratrol (group 1, by 59.

In subsequent stages of the calculations, the vertical distributions of the magnitudes determined for the surface waters of the basin (i.e. chlorophyll a concentration, optical and photosynthetic characteristics) are found. In the final stage, the vertical distributions of the three forms of energy, i.e. PAR(z), PUR(z) and PSR(z), are calculated, which, in turn, are used to work out the overall values of these energies in the water and to determine the distribution of the quantity of oxygen O2 released during photosynthesis in the basin. Such calculations for the

Baltic for 24 April Buparlisib in vivo 2011 are exemplified by the maps Figure 5 showing the daily doses of these energies and the daily amounts of oxygen released during photosynthesis. It is clear from the above that with the DESAMBEM algorithm one can estimate numerous characteristics of the constituents of Baltic water and its optical properties AZD4547 mouse at different depths, which, in consequence, determine the overall distributions of the various forms of energy associated with the successive stages by which solar energy is incorporated

into the ecosystem. Because this paper cannot exceed a certain finite length, we cannot present maps of all these characteristics; we have chosen those showing the most important ones, in Figure 6 in this subsection and in Figure 8 in subsection 2.4. Figure 6 presents maps of the surface chlorophyll a concentration Ca(0) and the coefficient

of total absorption of light at wavelength 440 nm by dissolved substances and suspended particulate matter in the sea surface water a(λ = 440 nm, z ≈ 0) ≡ a(440; 0). These parameters are determined from ocean colour analysis based on the MODIS (AQUA) data for 24 April 2011. Values of Ca(0) were calculated using the Methamphetamine algorithm presented earlier, inter alia, in the paper by Woźniak et al. (2008), while a(440; 0) was calculated with the aid of the formula a(440 nm) = 100.096–0.965 log x, where x is the sea’s reflectance band ratio for light wavelengths 490 and 665 nm, that is x = Rrs(490)/Rrs (665). The next important application of the methods for remotely sensing marine environmental parameters (indicated in the ‘Introduction’) that we are testing is their possible use for monitoring processes affecting the quantitative exchange of energy (and also mass) between the sea and the atmosphere (see the right-hand side of Figure 1). As a consequence, these processes lead to the formation of an upward flux of radiation leaving the Earth, thereby affecting the planet’s global energy balance, which has a fundamental influence on its climate. One of the main elements that have to be taken into account in any characterization of this global energy balance is the radiant energy balance, i.e.

Nav-bSSFP data sets with T2 preparation [26] were acquired in the same image plane and with the same spatial resolution as the B2B-RMC acquisition. The sequence used a flip angle of 70°, TE=1.78 ms, TR=4.1

ms, 17–25 phase encode lines per cardiac cycle (depending on the length of the cardiac rest period), 512 readout points, 512 phase encode lines, 8 through-plane phase encode steps, 360×360×24 mm field of view, acquired resolution 0.7×0.7×3 mm and reconstructed Cell Cycle inhibitor resolution 0.7×0.7×1.5 mm. Phase oversampling (equivalent to increasing the field of view and subsequently cropping after reconstruction), by a factor of 20% in the phase encode direction and by a factor of 25% in the through-plane direction, was used to bolster SNR and generate a similar slice profile to that used for the B2B-RMC technique. Accept/reject navigator gating was performed with a 5-mm navigator acceptance window using the same standard crossed-pair navigator used for the B2B-RMC acquisition. The respiratory gating was performed without

slice tracking but with automatic updates of the acceptance window position to follow the end expiratory position [32] and [33]. Acquisition duration was 246 cardiac cycles (assuming 100% respiratory efficiency and 25 phase encode lines per cardiac cycle) or 4 min (at 60 beats/min). PCI-32765 ic50 The efficacy of the B2B-RMC technique was assessed by comparing quantitative measures of vessel sharpness and vessel diameter in the proximal and mid coronary arteries with those obtained using the standard navigator gating technique. Signal and contrast to noise ratios were not compared as these are inherently different between the spiral and T2-prepared bSSFP techniques. All images were postprocessed using in-house MATLAB software. Parallel plane maximum intensity projections (MIPs) were generated from all in vivo slices containing the right coronary artery (typically five slices) with anatomy overlying the coronary artery (such as the right atrial appendage)

selected in a region of interest in each slice and zeroed to show the maximum length of artery. medroxyprogesterone Average vessel sharpness and diameter were obtained from a length of the proximal (0–20 mm from the coronary origin) and mid (20–40 mm from origin) right coronary artery. Vessel sharpness was defined as the inverse of the distance from the 20% to 80% of the maximum intensity in a profile drawn perpendicular to the vessel and averaged over both vessel edges [34]. Vessel diameter was defined as the full width half maximum of the intensity profiles [34]. Respiratory efficiency and both proximal and mid vessel sharpness and vessel diameter were compared between the B2B-RMC and nav-bSSFP techniques using a two-tailed paired Student’s t test and a 5% significance level.

7%). Although the 100-mg eluxadoline group did not achieve statistical significance at week 4, a similar trend for improvement over placebo was observed (P = .090). At week 12 ( Table 2),

a significantly greater percentage of patients receiving 100 mg eluxadoline (20.2%; P = .030) were clinical responders compared with placebo patients (11.3%). The 25-mg and 200-mg eluxadoline groups were not significantly different than placebo at week 12. Pain response rates at week 4 based on the WAP component of the clinical response definition were not different from placebo for any eluxadoline group ( Table 2). A trend toward higher pain response rates was observed for the 100-mg eluxadoline group (49.1%; P = .087) compared with placebo (39.6%) at week 12. Stool consistency response rates at week 4 were significantly higher for the Z-VAD-FMK manufacturer 25-mg (16.8%; P = .016) and 200-mg (18.1%; P = .008) eluxadoline groups compared

with placebo (8.2%) with a similar trend observed for the 100-mg eluxadoline group (14.1%; P = .083). At week 12, a similar trend toward higher stool consistency response rates was seen for the 100-mg eluxadoline group (22.1%; P = .098) compared with placebo (15.1%). Rescue medication use for uncontrolled abdominal selleck chemicals llc pain and diarrhea was uncommon and similar across all groups. Importantly, no difference in antidiarrheal rescue medication use was observed between the first month of Cobimetinib order the study and the last 2 months of the study. During both time periods, patients averaged <1 unit dose per week. Use of rescue medication for abdominal pain was even more rarely reported. Overall, use of rescue medication did not impact analyses of WAP, stool consistency, or composite response based on multiple sensitivity analyses (data not shown). Patients treated with eluxadoline also reported experiencing adequate relief of their IBS symptoms to a greater extent than placebo patients (Table 2). Patients receiving 100 mg (odds ratios = 2.32, 2.63, and 2.99; P = .004, P < .001, and P = .002, respectively) and

200 mg (odds ratios = 2.12, 2.22, and 2.33; P = .009, P = .001, and P = .023, respectively) eluxadoline were more likely than placebo patients to report adequate relief of their IBS symptoms at weeks 4, 8, and 12. Likewise, a significantly greater percentage of patients receiving 100 mg (63.5%, odds ratio = 2.01; P = .003) and 200 mg (59.3%, odds ratio = 1.69; P = .025) eluxadoline reported adequate relief of their IBS symptoms on at least 2 of the 3 monthly assessments compared with placebo patients (46.4%). Decreasing counts for daily bowel movements, urgency episodes, and incontinence episodes were observed for all groups during the 3 months of treatment. The onset of the effect was rapid from the start of dosing for all bowel measurements, with differences from placebo generally reaching peak effects between the second and third months (Figure 1).

One mechanism by which water moves across cell membrane is the facilitated diffusion by water channels called aquaporins (Aqp). Such channels are expressed in different cell types [4], including embryos [20], with several isoforms allowing tissue-specific osmoregulation [16]. Some of these isoforms are also permeated by small organic http://www.selleckchem.com/products/z-vad-fmk.html compounds such as glycerol, and therefore referred as

aquaglyceroporins [16]. Aqp3 is an aquaglyceroporin which can enhance cell permeability to glycerol and other CPAs [8]. Aqp3 can also play a role on cavitation, allowing water movement across the trophectoderm [1], along with Na/K ATPase enzyme. This latter has a role on establishment and maintenance of an ionic gradient across the trophectoderm, contributing to osmotic accumulation of water and blastocyst cavity formation and expansion [39].

Previous study suggested that osmotic challenges can influence Aqp3 gene expression in mammal’s cells. Sugiyama et al. [31] found higher expression of Aqp3 gene in human keratinocytes challenged with sorbitol. Bell et al. [3] reported that exposure of mouse U0126 solubility dmso embryos to sucrose hypertonic solution for 6 and 24 h can also increase Aqp3 gene expression, but no difference was found when mouse embryos were cultured for 40 h in hypertonic medium [19]. To our knowledge, no similar data are available for bovine embryos. In vitro culture can affect the developmental capability of embryos PRKD3 [33]. Synthetic Oviduct Fluid (SOF) and Charles Rosenkrans (CR) are among the base media commonly used for culture of in vitro-fertilized bovine embryos [32], [14], [27] and [6]. Despite those media were designed for somatic cell-free embryo culture, previous studies reported that SOF medium can be used in co-culture system [37] and improve survival and hatching rates and gene

expression of fresh bovine embryos [26] and [25]. CR2aa medium can also be used in a co-culture system as an option to produce bovine embryos with satisfactory results [6]. There are few comparisons between those media [18] and none evaluating their influence on embryo permeability when in a co-culture system, despite the well-known effect of media on embryo cryotolerance [26]. Currently two methods are available for cryopreservation of bovine embryos: slow controlled freezing and vitrification [13]. Both methods can be applied with success to in vivo-produced embryos [36] whereas vitrification seems to be a better alternative for in vitro-produced bovine embryos [34]. Previous studies reported higher survival rate after vitrification for bovine embryos produced in co-culture systems than those produced in cell-free ones [26] and [28]. Vitrification uses high concentration of cryoprotectants to avoid the formation of ice-crystals, but it can also be harmful to embryonic cells [22] and [35]. The toxicity of a CPA is dependent on its permeability to cell membrane.

This problem does arise, especially

among patients with diverticulosis, although there is no literature studying the degree of encumbrance. Other routine advice includes several days of avoidance of high-fiber food or supplements, especially iron-containing supplements, which cause blackening of stool with increased adhesion of remnant stool to the bowel wall. On the day preceding colonoscopy, patients are routinely instructed to consume only clear liquids. Many centers also advise patients to forego red-colored food products such as red gelatin, red juices, or red soft drinks to avoid confusion regarding the presence of possible blood. However, the rate of false alarm caused by these products has not been studied, and anecdotal PI3K inhibitor experience suggests that their consumption is unlikely to create diagnostic uncertainty with the use of proven high-quality bowel preparation

regimens. Several recent studies have suggested that rigid adherence to a clear liquid diet on the day preceding the procedure may also be unnecessary (Table 1). Dietary liberalization may allow for improved tolerance and better adherence without compromise of bowel preparation quality.34 In some studies, a less restrictive diet increases bowel preparation quality.35, 36 and 37 The most critical component of bowel preparation FK866 cost is the use of an appropriate laxative regimen. Regardless of the type of laxative prescribed (Table 2), there is overwhelming evidence from randomized controlled trials supporting of the use of split-dosing regimens. In these regimens, partial laxative administration

occurs on the evening before colonoscopy, with the remainder administered within 2 to 6 hours before colonoscopy. A meta-analysis performed by Kilgore and colleagues38 of 5 randomized controlled trials showed that, compared with single, full-dose administration of 4 L polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution on the evening before the procedure, the administration of split-dose PEG preparations (2 L the evening before the procedure and 2 L completed by 2 hours before the procedure) resulted in a higher likelihood of satisfactory bowel preparations (odds ratio [OR] 3.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.79–4.41), an increased willingness to repeat the same preparation, and decreased NADPH-cytochrome-c2 reductase nausea. Another systematic review by Enestvedt and colleagues39 of 9 trials comparing 4 L split-dose PEG preparations with various other bowel preparation regimens (4 L single dose or smaller volume split dose) confirmed a significantly higher likelihood of excellent or good bowel preparation with the 4 L split-dose regimen (OR 3.46; 95% CI 2.45–4.89). No difference existed between the 4-L split-dose PEG formulations and alternative preparations in regards to patient compliance, willingness to repeat preparation, overall experience, or symptoms of abdominal cramping, nausea, or sleep disturbance.

276; ES p = 0.752; PS p = 0.342) ( Fig. 2, Table 3). There were no differences in fat CSA between the LBP and control group (main effect Group: p = 0.640) ( Fig. 2, Table 3). MFI (interaction Group*Level: p = 0.005) was higher in the LBP compared to the control group for all muscles at L4 upper (p = 0.014) and L4 lower (p = 0.017), but not at L3 upper (p = 0.380) find more ( Fig. 3, Table 3). There were no pain-side

related differences in the LBP group for any muscles at any levels (Table 4): total and lean muscle CSA, fat CSA (Main effect Pain side respectively p = 0.581; p = 0.418; p = 0.353), and MFI (Interaction effect Muscle*Pain side: p < 0.001; Post Hoc: MF p = 0.932; ES p = 0.153; PS p = 0.585). With regard to demographic characteristics, total and lean CSA correlated (p < 0.05) with weight (respectively r = 0.578; r = 0.529), length (respectively r = 0.503; r = 0.454) and body mass index (BMI) (respectively r = 0.496; r = 0.456). MFI correlated with weight buy SP600125 (r = 0.509, p = 0.013) and BMI (r = 0.553, p = 0.006). Analysis of LBP characteristics showed that MFI correlated with the frequency of episodes (r = 0.671, p = 0.034) and lean and total CSA were associated with the elapsed time since the last episode (respectively r = 0.789, p = 0.035; r = 0.800, p = 0.031). This study investigated whether lumbar muscle degeneration was present

during remission of unilateral recurrent LBP. In contrast to our hypothesis, there were no differences in total, Rebamipide lean muscle or fat CSA from the control group, or pain-side related differences in the LBP group. Conversely, MFI was higher in the LBP group for all muscles (MF, ES, PS), without any pain-side related differences. There were no group or pain-side related differences in muscle size for any muscles. The lack of group differences in the current study supports the results of Hultman et al. (1993), who showed no alterations in paraspinal (MF + ES) muscle CSA at L3 during remission of intermittent

LBP. The lack of side differences in CSA differs however with the results of Hides et al. (1996), who reported ongoing MF atrophy on the painful side despite LBP resolution. This discrepancy may be related to methodological differences. First, in the study of Hides et al. MF CSA asymmetry was localized to the symptomatic level, while it was symmetric at the neighboring asymptomatic levels. In our study, the symptomatic level could not be evaluated because the population was recruited in remission of LBP. Moreover, MF asymmetry was principally reported at L5 and our study did not measure below the L4 lower endplate. In addition, measuring methods differed, ultrasound vs. MRI. Although these techniques previously yielded similar results for lumbar muscle CSA, it has not been demonstrated whether this holds in fatty infiltrated muscles (Hides et al., 1995). Finally, lumbar muscle size during recovery of LBP was not directly compared to a control group (Hides et al.

All rights reserved). “
“The grants awarded by the British Infection Association (BIA) have recently been reviewed, and applications are currently invited. For further information please visit: http://www.britishinfection.org/drupal/content/british-infection-association-grants. 500 and full sponsorship to attend the FIS Conference.

Deadline for applications: 8th Sept 2014 3-year fellowship. The first BIA/MRC Joint Clinical Research Training Fellowship was awarded in 2011 and the next award will be made at the end of 2014. The successful recipient of this fellowship will take up the funds in spring 2015. Deadline Trametinib mouse for applications: 4pm on Sept 16th 2014 One award of up to £70,000 is available which may include up to £55,000 of salary and up to £15,000 of non-salary costs. Deadline for applications: March 31st 2014 Up to three awards will be made of up to £10,000 per annum for up to 2 years to cover non-salary costs of research only. Deadline for applications: March 31st 2014 Travel, removal and insurance costs up to £5000. Deadline for applications: 31st March 2014 Awards of up to £1000 will be available. These are intended to support trainees presenting at major international conferences. Money will be paid in arrears with receipts and must

be claimed within 1 year. Please note there are three deadlines CH5424802 solubility dmso for applications: 31st March, 30th June and 27th October 2014. One award of up to £1000 will be available to support people travelling from overseas to present their work at FIS 2014. Money will be paid in arrears with receipts and must be claimed within 1 year. Deadline for applications: 30th June 2014 “
“Modern combination highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) has decreased the morbidity and mortality associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Low adherence to ART is associated with an increasing risk of resistance to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors Flavopiridol (Alvocidib) (RTIs). The emergence of drug resistant virus limits antiretroviral choice due to cross-resistance

to other antiretroviral agents1 and is strongly associated with progression of HIV-1 infection and increased mortality.2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 The cytidine analogues (XTC) emtricitabine (FTC) and lamivudine (3TC) are nucleoside RTIs recommended7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 and widely utilised in the treatment of HIV-1. Fixed dose regimens including dual nucleoside combinations such as FTC + tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and 3TC + abacavir (ABC) have simplified ART and are recommended for initial therapy.7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 FTC and TDF have also been formulated as a single tablet regimen with the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) efavirenz (EFV).12 HIV-1 drug resistance to FTC and 3TC in vivo is mediated by the substitution of the wild type amino acid residue methionine with the amino acid valine at codon 184 (M184V) of reverse transcriptase (RT).

Regional Etoposide in vivo algorithms, based on data measured in situ in a given area, are needed (http://optics.ocean.ru). Such measurements were carried out in the expeditions organised by the Russian State Hydrometeorological University (RSHU) in the summers of 2012 and 2013. The field studies were carried out on the yacht CENTAURUS II during 21–28 July 2012 and 20 July–02 August 2013; 15 stations were set up in 2012 and 26 in 2013. The positions of the station are given on

maps showing the spatial distributions of Chl concentration from MODIS-Aqua data on 22 July 2012 and 27 July 2013 derived by a standard MODIS algorithm (Figure 1a,b). According to these maps, Chl values on the most of stations were < 10 and even 20 mg m−3. In fact, the Chl concentration, directly measured in the study area, varied from 1.2 to 23.7 mg m0−3 in 2012 and from 1.6 to 18.6 mg m−3 in 2013. The Secchi depth varied from 1.8 m in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland near the Neva Bay to 4.0 m in the open part of the Gulf. Station M2 of 26 July 2013 (Figure 1b) was rejected owing to the inconsistency of the measured Chl value with other values on that day; the remaining 40 stations were used for the derivation of the Chl regional algorithm. The spectral radiance reflectance was measured, the surface irradiance at 554 nm for controlling the illumination conditions continuously recorded and photographs of clouds taken at each station. Some of the stations were located directly PLX-4720 concentration under the

passing MODIS-Aqua and VIIRS satellite scanners. Such measurements provided us with data for evaluating the atmospheric correction errors. This instrument measures the spectral upwelling radiance just beneath the sea surface and the spectral downwelling irradiance just above the sea surface (Artemiev et al. 2000). The spectral range is 390–700 nm, spectral resolution – 2 nm, the scan time – 15 s. The accuracy of measurement of absolute values of the radiance and irradiance is about 5%. Figure 2 shows the spectroradiometer during measurements. The measurements are taken at Cepharanthine drift stations. The device drifts with the drogue at

a distance of 30–50 m from the ship to avoid the influence of the ship’s hull, and 20–30 scans are run during 15–20 min. The measurement data are processed with a specially developed computer program. The subsurface radiance reflectance p(λ) is calculated from equation(1) ρ(λ)=πLu(λ)/Ed(λ),ρ(λ)=πLu(λ)/Ed(λ),where Lu(λ)and Ed(λ), are the upwelling radiance and downwelling irradiance just beneath the sea surface. The calculated values of ρ(λ) were used to develop bio-optical algorithms and also to validate of the atmospheric correction algorithms if the measurements were performed simultaneously with satellite observations. Chlorophyll concentration was measured by a spectrophotometric method with 90% aqueous acetone solution. For calculating the chlorophyll aconcentration, data for the wavelengths of 630, 645, 663 and 750 nm were used ( Report 1966).